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1 Samuel, Chapter 18,  verses 5-30

And David went out whithersoever Saul sent him, and behaved himself wisely: and Saul set him over the men of war, and he was accepted in the sight of all the people, and also in the sight of Saul's servants.
And it came to pass as they came, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, that the women came out of all cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet king Saul, with tabrets, with joy, and with instruments of musick.
And the women answered one another as they played, and said, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands.
And Saul was very wroth, and the saying displeased him; and he said, They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to me they have ascribed but thousands: and what can he have more but the kingdom?
And Saul eyed David from that day and forward.
10 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul, and he prophesied in the midst of the house: and David played with his hand, as at other times: and there was a javelin in Saul's hand.
11 And Saul cast the javelin; for he said, I will smite David even to the wall with it. And David avoided out of his presence twice.
12 And Saul was afraid of David, because the LORD was with him, and was departed from Saul.
13 Therefore Saul removed him from him, and made him his captain over a thousand; and he went out and came in before the people.
14 And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways; and the LORD was with him.
15 Wherefore when Saul saw that he behaved himself very wisely, he was afraid of him.
16 But all Israel and Judah loved David, because he went out and came in before them.
17 And Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife: only be thou valiant for me, and fight the LORD's battles. For Saul said, Let not mine hand be upon him, but let the hand of the Philistines be upon him.
18 And David said unto Saul, Who am I? and what is my life, or my father's family in Israel, that I should be son in law to the king?
19 But it came to pass at the time when Merab Saul's daughter should have been given to David, that she was given unto Adriel the Meholathite to wife.
20 And Michal Saul's daughter loved David: and they told Saul, and the thing pleased him.
21 And Saul said, I will give him her, that she may be a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him. Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son in law in the one of the twain.
22 And Saul commanded his servants, saying, Commune with David secretly, and say, Behold, the king hath delight in thee, and all his servants love thee: now therefore be the king's son in law.
23 And Saul's servants spake those words in the ears of David. And David said, Seemeth it to you a light thing to be a king's son in law, seeing that I am a poor man, and lightly esteemed?
24 And the servants of Saul told him, saying, On this manner spake David.
25 And Saul said, Thus shall ye say to David, The king desireth not any dowry, but an hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to be avenged of the king's enemies. But Saul thought to make David fall by the hand of the Philistines.
26 And when his servants told David these words, it pleased David well to be the king's son in law: and the days were not expired.
27 Wherefore David arose and went, he and his men, and slew of the Philistines two hundred men; and David brought their foreskins, and they gave them in full tale to the king, that he might be the king's son in law. And Saul gave him Michal his daughter to wife.
28 And Saul saw and knew that the LORD was with David, and that Michal Saul's daughter loved him.
29 And Saul was yet the more afraid of David; and Saul became David's enemy continually.
30 Then the princes of the Philistines went forth: and it came to pass, after they went forth, that David behaved himself more wisely than all the servants of Saul; so that his name was much set by.

1 Samuel, Chapter 19

And Saul spake to Jonathan his son, and to all his servants, that they should kill David.
But Jonathan Saul's son delighted much in David: and Jonathan told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to kill thee: now therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself until the morning, and abide in a secret place, and hide thyself:
And I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where thou art, and I will commune with my father of thee; and what I see, that I will tell thee.
And Jonathan spake good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him, Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his works have been to theeward very good:
For he did put his life in his hand, and slew the Philistine, and the LORD wrought a great salvation for all Israel: thou sawest it, and didst rejoice: wherefore then wilt thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause?
And Saul hearkened unto the voice of Jonathan: and Saul sware, As the LORD liveth, he shall not be slain.
And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan shewed him all those things. And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as in times past.
And there was war again: and David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter; and they fled from him.
And the evil spirit from the LORD was upon Saul, as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his hand.
10 And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the javelin; but he slipped away out of Saul's presence, and he smote the javelin into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night.
11 Saul also sent messengers unto David's house, to watch him, and to slay him in the morning: and Michal David's wife told him, saying, If thou save not thy life to night, to morrow thou shalt be slain.
12 So Michal let David down through a window: and he went, and fled, and escaped.
13 And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed, and put a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster, and covered it with a cloth.
14 And when Saul sent messengers to take David, she said, He is sick.
15 And Saul sent the messengers again to see David, saying, Bring him up to me in the bed, that I may slay him.
16 And when the messengers were come in, behold, there was an image in the bed, with a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster.
17 And Saul said unto Michal, Why hast thou deceived me so, and sent away mine enemy, that he is escaped? And Michal answered Saul, He said unto me, Let me go; why should I kill thee?
18 So David fled, and escaped, and came to Samuel to Ramah, and told him all that Saul had done to him. And he and Samuel went and dwelt in Naioth.
19 And it was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is at Naioth in Ramah.
20 And Saul sent messengers to take David: and when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel standing as appointed over them, the Spirit of God was upon the messengers of Saul, and they also prophesied.
21 And when it was told Saul, he sent other messengers, and they prophesied likewise. And Saul sent messengers again the third time, and they prophesied also.
22 Then went he also to Ramah, and came to a great well that is in Sechu: and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? And one said, Behold, they be at Naioth in Ramah.
23 And he went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to Naioth in Ramah.
24 And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets?

1 Samuel, Chapter 20

And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?
And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so.
And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.
Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee.
And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even.
If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family.
If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him.
Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father?
And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee?
10 Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly?
11 And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field.
12 And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee;
13 The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father.
14 And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not:
15 But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.
16 So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.
17 And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul.
18 Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty.
19 And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel.
20 And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark.
21 And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth.
22 But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away.
23 And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever.
24 So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat.
25 And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty.
26 Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean.
27 And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day?
28 And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem:
29 And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table.
30 Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness?
31 For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die.
32 And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done?
33 And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David.
34 So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame.
35 And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him.
36 And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.
37 And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee?
38 And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.
39 But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter.
40 And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city.
41 And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded.
42 And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city.

1 Samuel, Chapter 21

Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest: and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why art thou alone, and no man with thee?
And David said unto Ahimelech the priest, The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such a place.
Now therefore what is under thine hand? give me five loaves of bread in mine hand, or what there is present.
And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women.
And David answered the priest, and said unto him, Of a truth women have been kept from us about these three days, since I came out, and the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in a manner common, yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel.
So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread there but the shewbread, that was taken from before the LORD, to put hot bread in the day when it was taken away.
Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the LORD; and his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul.
And David said unto Ahimelech, And is there not here under thine hand spear or sword? for I have neither brought my sword nor my weapons with me, because the king's business required haste.
And the priest said, The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom thou slewest in the valley of Elah, behold, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod: if thou wilt take that, take it: for there is no other save that here. And David said, There is none like that; give it me.
10 And David arose, and fled that day for fear of Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath.
11 And the servants of Achish said unto him, Is not this David the king of the land? did they not sing one to another of him in dances, saying, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands?
12 And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore afraid of Achish the king of Gath.
13 And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down upon his beard.
14 Then said Achish unto his servants, Lo, ye see the man is mad: wherefore then have ye brought him to me?
15 Have I need of mad men, that ye have brought this fellow to play the mad man in my presence? shall this fellow come into my house?

1 Samuel, Chapter 22

David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him.
And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about four hundred men.
And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me.
And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with him all the while that David was in the hold.
And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold; depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and came into the forest of Hareth.
When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;)
Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds;
That all of you have conspired against me, and there is none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?
Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub.
10 And he inquired of the LORD for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine.
11 Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his father's house, the priests that were in Nob: and they came all of them to the king.
12 And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered, Here I am, my lord.
13 And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword, and hast inquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?
14 Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king's son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thine house?
15 Did I then begin to inquire of God for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew nothing of all this, less or more.
16 And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father's house.
17 And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn, and slay the priests of the LORD; because their hand also is with David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me. But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the priests of the LORD.
18 And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod.
19 And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.
20 And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David.
21 And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD's priests.
22 And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father's house.
23 Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard.

1 Samuel, Chapter 23

Then they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines fight against Keilah, and they rob the threshingfloors.
Therefore David inquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And the LORD said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah.
And David's men said unto him, Behold, we be afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we come to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?
Then David inquired of the LORD yet again. And the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thine hand.
So David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and smote them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.
And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand.
And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars.
And Saul called all the people together to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men.
And David knew that Saul secretly practised mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod.
10 Then said David, O LORD God of Israel, thy servant hath certainly heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake.
11 Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O LORD God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And the LORD said, He will come down.
12 Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men into the hand of Saul? And the LORD said, They will deliver thee up.
13 Then David and his men, which were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth.
14 And David abode in the wilderness in strong holds, and remained in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand.
15 And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in a wood.
16 And Jonathan Saul's son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God.
17 And he said unto him, Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth.
18 And they two made a covenant before the LORD: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house.
19 Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in strong holds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of Jeshimon?
20 Now therefore, O king, come down according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him into the king's hand.
21 And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion on me.
22 Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who hath seen him there: for it is told me that he dealeth very subtilly.
23 See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me with the certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out throughout all the thousands of Judah.
24 And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon.
25 Saul also and his men went to seek him. And they told David: wherefore he came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon.
26 And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them.
27 But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have invaded the land.
28 Wherefore Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Sela-hammahlekoth.
29 And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds at En-gedi.

1 Samuel, Chapter 24

And it came to pass, when Saul was returned from following the Philistines, that it was told him, saying, Behold, David is in the wilderness of En-gedi.
Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and went to seek David and his men upon the rocks of the wild goats.
And he came to the sheepcotes by the way, where was a cave; and Saul went in to cover his feet: and David and his men remained in the sides of the cave.
And the men of David said unto him, Behold the day of which the LORD said unto thee, Behold, I will deliver thine enemy into thine hand, that thou mayest do to him as it shall seem good unto thee. Then David arose, and cut off the skirt of Saul's robe privily.
And it came to pass afterward, that David's heart smote him, because he had cut off Saul's skirt.
And he said unto his men, The LORD forbid that I should do this thing unto my master, the LORD's anointed, to stretch forth mine hand against him, seeing he is the anointed of the LORD.
So David stayed his servants with these words, and suffered them not to rise against Saul. But Saul rose up out of the cave, and went on his way.
David also arose afterward, and went out of the cave, and cried after Saul, saying, My lord the king. And when Saul looked behind him, David stooped with his face to the earth, and bowed himself.
And David said to Saul, Wherefore hearest thou men's words, saying, Behold, David seeketh thy hurt?
10 Behold, this day thine eyes have seen how that the LORD had delivered thee to day into mine hand in the cave: and some bade me kill thee: but mine eye spared thee; and I said, I will not put forth mine hand against my lord; for he is the LORD's anointed.
11 Moreover, my father, see, yea, see the skirt of thy robe in my hand: for in that I cut off the skirt of thy robe and killed thee not, know thou and see that there is neither evil nor transgression in mine hand, and I have not sinned against thee; yet thou huntest my soul to take it.
12 The LORD judge between me and thee, and the LORD avenge me of thee: but mine hand shall not be upon thee.
13 As saith the proverb of the ancients, Wickedness proceedeth from the wicked: but mine hand shall not be upon thee.
14 After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom dost thou pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea.
15 The LORD therefore be judge, and judge between me and thee, and see, and plead my cause, and deliver me out of thine hand.
16 And it came to pass, when David had made an end of speaking these words unto Saul, that Saul said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And Saul lifted up his voice, and wept.
17 And he said to David, Thou art more righteous than I: for thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil.
18 And thou hast shewed this day how that thou hast dealt well with me: forasmuch as when the LORD had delivered me into thine hand, thou killedst me not.
19 For if a man find his enemy, will he let him go well away? wherefore the LORD reward thee good for that thou hast done unto me this day.
20 And now, behold, I know well that thou shalt surely be king, and that the kingdom of Israel shall be established in thine hand.
21 Swear now therefore unto me by the LORD, that thou wilt not cut off my seed after me, and that thou wilt not destroy my name out of my father's house.
22 And David sware unto Saul. And Saul went home; but David and his men gat them up unto the hold.

1 Samuel, Chapter 25

And Samuel died; and all the Israelites were gathered together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah. And David arose, and went down to the wilderness of Paran.
And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.
Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife Abigail: and she was a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful countenance: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he was of the house of Caleb.
And David heard in the wilderness that Nabal did shear his sheep.
And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the young men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him in my name:
And thus shall ye say to him that liveth in prosperity, Peace be both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that thou hast.
And now I have heard that thou hast shearers: now thy shepherds which were with us, we hurt them not, neither was there ought missing unto them, all the while they were in Carmel.
Ask thy young men, and they will shew thee. Wherefore let the young men find favour in thine eyes: for we come in a good day: give, I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thine hand unto thy servants, and to thy son David.
And when David's young men came, they spake to Nabal according to all those words in the name of David, and ceased.
10 And Nabal answered David's servants, and said, Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? there be many servants now a days that break away every man from his master.
11 Shall I then take my bread, and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?
12 So David's young men turned their way, and went again, and came and told him all those sayings.
13 And David said unto his men, Gird ye on every man his sword. And they girded on every man his sword; and David also girded on his sword: and there went up after David about four hundred men; and two hundred abode by the stuff.
14 But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabal's wife, saying, Behold, David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute our master; and he railed on them.
15 But the men were very good unto us, and we were not hurt, neither missed we any thing, as long as we were conversant with them, when we were in the fields:
16 They were a wall unto us both by night and day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep.
17 Now therefore know and consider what thou wilt do; for evil is determined against our master, and against all his household: for he is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him.
18 Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two bottles of wine, and five sheep ready dressed, and five measures of parched corn, and an hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred cakes of figs, and laid them on asses.
19 And she said unto her servants, Go on before me; behold, I come after you. But she told not her husband Nabal.
20 And it was so, as she rode on the ass, that she came down by the covert of the hill, and, behold, David and his men came down against her; and she met them.
21 Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good.
22 So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.
23 And when Abigail saw David, she hasted, and lighted off the ass, and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground,
24 And fell at his feet, and said, Upon me, my lord, upon me let this iniquity be: and let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak in thine audience, and hear the words of thine handmaid.
25 Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even Nabal: for as his name is, so is he; Nabal is his name, and folly is with him: but I thine handmaid saw not the young men of my lord, whom thou didst send.
26 Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, seeing the LORD hath withholden thee from coming to shed blood, and from avenging thyself with thine own hand, now let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my lord, be as Nabal.
27 And now this blessing which thine handmaid hath brought unto my lord, let it even be given unto the young men that follow my lord.
28 I pray thee, forgive the trespass of thine handmaid: for the LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the LORD, and evil hath not been found in thee all thy days.
29 Yet a man is risen to pursue thee, and to seek thy soul: but the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the LORD thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling.
30 And it shall come to pass, when the LORD shall have done to my lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee, and shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel;
31 That this shall be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself: but when the LORD shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember thine handmaid.
32 And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which sent thee this day to meet me:
33 And blessed be thy advice, and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand.
34 For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.
35 So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.
36 And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart was merry within him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or more, until the morning light.
37 But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.
38 And it came to pass about ten days after, that the LORD smote Nabal, that he died.
39 And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, Blessed be the LORD, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the LORD hath returned the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head, And David sent and communed with Abigail, to take her to him to wife.
40 And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee to take thee to him to wife.
41 And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord.
42 And Abigail hasted, and arose, and rode upon an ass, with five damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers of David, and became his wife.
43 David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of them his wives.
44 But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim.

1 Samuel, Chapter 26

And the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon?
Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, having three thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph.
And Saul pitched in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon, by the way. But David abode in the wilderness, and he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness.
David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come in very deed.
And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched: and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people pitched round about him.
Then answered David and said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab, saying, Who will go down with me to Saul to the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with thee.
So David and Abishai came to the people by night: and, behold, Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in the ground at his bolster: but Abner and the people lay round about him.
Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered thine enemy into thine hand this day: now therefore let me smite him, I pray thee, with the spear even to the earth at once, and I will not smite him the second time.
And David said to Abishai, Destroy him not: for who can stretch forth his hand against the LORD's anointed, and be guiltless?
10 David said furthermore, As the LORD liveth, the LORD shall smite him; or his day shall come to die; or he shall descend into battle, and perish.
11 The LORD forbid that I should stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed: but, I pray thee, take thou now the spear that is at his bolster, and the cruse of water, and let us go.
12 So David took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's bolster; and they gat them away, and no man saw it, nor knew it, neither awaked: for they were all asleep; because a deep sleep from the LORD was fallen upon them.
13 Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of an hill afar off; a great space being between them:
14 And David cried to the people, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, Answerest thou not, Abner? Then Abner answered and said, Who art thou that criest to the king?
15 And David said to Abner, Art not thou a valiant man? and who is like to thee in Israel? wherefore then hast thou not kept thy lord the king? for there came one of the people in to destroy the king thy lord.
16 This thing is not good that thou hast done. As the LORD liveth, ye are worthy to die, because ye have not kept your master, the LORD's anointed. And now see where the king's spear is, and the cruse of water that was at his bolster.
17 And Saul knew David's voice, and said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And David said, It is my voice, my lord, O king.
18 And he said, Wherefore doth my lord thus pursue after his servant? for what have I done? or what evil is in mine hand?
19 Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods.
20 Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth before the face of the LORD: for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea, as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains.
21 Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David: for I will no more do thee harm, because my soul was precious in thine eyes this day: behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly.
22 And David answered and said, Behold the king's spear! and let one of the young men come over and fetch it.
23 The LORD render to every man his righteousness and his faithfulness: for the LORD delivered thee into my hand to day, but I would not stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed.
24 And, behold, as thy life was much set by this day in mine eyes, so let my life be much set by in the eyes of the LORD, and let him deliver me out of all tribulation.
25 Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou, my son David: thou shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail. So David went on his way, and Saul returned to his place.

1 Samuel, Chapter 27

And David said in his heart, I shall now perish one day by the hand of Saul: there is nothing better for me than that I should speedily escape into the land of the Philistines; and Saul shall despair of me, to seek me any more in any coast of Israel: so shall I escape out of his hand.
And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred men that were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of Gath.
And David dwelt with Achish at Gath, he and his men, every man with his household, even David with his two wives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the Carmelitess, Nabal's wife.
And it was told Saul that David was fled to Gath: and he sought no more again for him.
And David said unto Achish, If I have now found grace in thine eyes, let them give me a place in some town in the country, that I may dwell there: for why should thy servant dwell in the royal city with thee?
Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: wherefore Ziklag pertaineth unto the kings of Judah unto this day.
And the time that David dwelt in the country of the Philistines was a full year and four months.
And David and his men went up, and invaded the Geshurites, and the Gezrites, and the Amalekites: for those nations were of old the inhabitants of the land, as thou goest to Shur, even unto the land of Egypt.
And David smote the land, and left neither man nor woman alive, and took away the sheep, and the oxen, and the asses, and the camels, and the apparel, and returned, and came to Achish.
10 And Achish said, Whither have ye made a road to day? And David said, Against the south of Judah, and against the south of the Jerahmeelites, and against the south of the Kenites.
11 And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tidings to Gath, saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David, and so will be his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country of the Philistines.
12 And Achish believed David, saying, He hath made his people Israel utterly to abhor him; therefore he shall be my servant for ever.
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18  David becomes the friend of Jonathan, the constant attendant of Saul, and the favourite of all the people, Sa1 18:1-5.
Saul's envy raised, Sa1 18:6-9.
He seeks to kill David, Sa1 18:10-11.
Is afraid of him, Sa1 18:12-16.
Promises to give him his elder daughter, and gives him the younger, hoping to destroy him thereby, but in vain, Sa1 18:17-27.
He is more feared by Saul and esteemed by the people, Sa1 18:28-30.


18:5 Went - Upon military expeditions, of which that word is often used.


18:10 The evil spirit, etc - His fits of frenzy returned upon him.The very next day after he conceived envy at David, the evil spirit was permitted by God to seize him again. Such is the fruit of envy and uncharitableness. Prophesied - That is, he used uncouth gestures, and signs, as the prophets often did.


18:11 And Saul cast the javelin - Being now quite under the power of that evil spirit. Twice - Once now, and another time upon a like occasion, chap.Sa1 19:10.


18:12 Afraid - Lest as he had gained the favour of God and of all the people, he should also take away his kingdom.


18:13 Removed him from him - From his presence and court; which he did, because he feared lest David should find an opportunity to kill him, as he had designed to kill David; because his presence now made him more sad than ever his musick made him chearful: and principally, that hereby he might expose him to the greatest hazards.


18:18 What is my life - How little is my life worth, that by the exposing of that to some hazard, I should purchase a king's daughter!In these expressions David sheweth not only his humility, but also his wisdom, in discovering so deep a sense of his own meanness, that Saul might see how far he was from aspiring at the kingdom.


18:19 Adriel - The son of Bar - zillai, as he is called, Sa1 21:8. This was an act of great injustice; and accordingly thismarriage was accursed by God, and the children begotten in it, were, by God's appointment cut off, Sa1 21:8-9.


18:26 The days - That is, the time allowed by Saul to David for the execution of this exploit.


18:27 Two hundred - He doubled the number required; to oblige Saul the more to the performance of his promise; and to shew his great respect and affection to Saul's daughter.


18:30 Went forth - To war against the Israelites, being provoked by their former losses, and especially by that act of David's.


19  Saul is pacified by Jonathan, Sa1 19:1-7.
Attempts again to kill David, Sa1 19:8-10.
Is deceived by Michal, who sends David away, Sa1 19:11-17.
David flies to Ramah, and Saul prophesies, Sa1 19:18-24.


19:4 Spake good - Which he could not do without hazard to himself.Herein therefore he performed the duty of a true friend, and of a valiant man.


19:6 As the Lord, etc - And without all doubt, he intended what he said, feeling a real change in himself for the present. "God," says Mr. Henry, "inclined the heart of Saul to hearken to the voice of Jonathan."


19:8 And David, etc - So David continues his good service, tho' it was ill requited. They who are ill paid for doing good, yet must not be weary of well doing, remembering how bountiful a benefactor God is, even to the evil and unthankful.


19:9 The evil spirit - David's successes against the Philistines revived his envy, and the devil watched the opportunity, as he had done before.


19:13 Goats hair - Or, put great goats hair upon his bolster; upon the head and face of the image, which lay upon his bolster, that it might have some kind of resemblance of David's head and hair, at least in a sick man's bed, where there useth to be but a glimmering light.Covered it - Upon pretence of his being sick, and needing some such covering.


19:18 To Samuel - Both for comfort and direction in his distress; and for safety, supposing that Saul would be ashamed to execute his bloody designs in the presence of so venerable a person as Samuel.


19:20 Over them - To instruct and direct them in those holy exercises.For though they prophesied by Divine inspiration, yet they were both to prepare themselves for it before hand, and to make good improvement of it afterwards, in both which they needed Samuel's counsel and assistance.And whereas some might falsely pretend to those raptures; or the devil might transform himself into an angel of light, Samuel's presence and judgment was necessary to prevent and to detect such impostures. Besides, Samuel would by his present conjunction with them in those holy exercises, encourage them, and stir up others to the coveting of those gifts, and to the performance of such religious duties. Prophesied - Being inspired by God as Balaam was; that being wrapt up into such an extasy, their minds might be wholly taken off from their design of seizing David.


19:23 The spirit - It came upon him in the way; whereas it came not upon his messengers 'till they came to the place. Hereby God would convince Saul of the vanity of his designs against David, and that in them he fought against God himself.


19:24 Lay down - Heb. fell, down upon the earth; for his mind being in an extasy, he had not the use of his senses. God so ordering it, that David might have an opportunity to escape. Naked - That is, stript of his upper garments, as the word naked is often used; and it is here repeated to signify how long he lay in that posture. Day and night - So God kept him as it were in chains, 'till David was got out of his reach.Is Saul - The same proverb which was used before, is here revived, as an evidence of God's wonderful care over David; he made Saul in some sort a prophet, that he mightst make David a king.


20  David complains to Jonathan; and desires his help, Sa1 20:1-5.
Jonathan promises to give him intelligence, and confirms his friendship, Sa1 20:9-23.
He finds his father implacable, Sa1 20:24-34.
He gives David notice of it, in the manner they had agreed on, Sa1 20:35-42.


20:2 Is it not so - For Jonathan gave credit to his father's oath, chap.Sa1 19:6.


20:3 David sware - The matter being of great moment, and Jonathan doubting the truth of it, he confirms his word with an oath, which follows in the end of the verse. Only he interposeth a reason why Saul concealed it from Jonathan.


20:5 To the third day - That is, unto the next day, but one after the new moon. His meaning is not, that he would hide himself in any certain place all the three days, but that he would secure himself either at Bethlehem with his friends, or in any other place 'till the third day.


20:6 Asked me - Who being the king's son and deputy, used to give license to military men to depart for a season upon just occasions.


20:8 Deal kindly - In giving me timely notice, and a true account of Saul's disposition and intention towards me.A covenant of the Lord - That is, a solemn covenant, not lightly undertaken, but seriously entered into, in the name and fear of God, and in his presence, calling him to be the witness of our sincerity therein, and the avenger of perfidiousness in him that breaks it.Slay me - I am contented thou shouldst kill me. For why - Why shouldst thou betray me to thy father, by concealing his evil intentions from me?


20:12 O Lord God - Do thou hear and judge between us. It is an abrupt speech which is usual in great passions.


20:14 Kindness as the Lord - That kindness to which thou hast engaged thyself, in the covenant sworn between thee and me in God's presence.I die not - That thou do not kill me or mine, as princes of another line use to kill the nearest relations of the former line, from whom the kingdom was translated to them.


20:16 A covenant - The covenant which before was personal, he now extends to the whole house of David, expecting a reciprocal enlargement of it on David's side, which doubtless he obtained. Enemies - If either I or any of my house shall break this covenant, and shall prove enemies to David or to his house, let the Lord, the witness of this covenant, severely punish the violators of it.


20:17 Swear again - Heb. and Jonathan added or proceeded to make David swear; that is, having himself sworn to David or adjured David, in the foregoing verse, he here requires David's oath to him, by way of restipulation or confirmation. Loved him - Because he had a true friendship for David, he desired that the covenant might be inviolably observed through all their generations.


20:19 Was in hand - When this same business which now they were treating about, was in agitation formerly; namely, to discover Saul's mind and purpose towards him, chap.Sa1 19:2-3. Ezel - By that stone which directs travellers in the way; namely, in some cave, or convenient place, which was near it.


20:21 I will send - I will send him out before I shoot, to find out, and take up the arrows which I shall shoot. And I shall shoot them either short of him, or beyond him, as I shall see occasion.


20:23 Between - As a witness and a judge between us and our families for ever, if on either side this league of friendship be violated.


20:24 Hid himself - Namely, at the time appointed: for it seems probable, that he went first to Bethlehem, and thence returned to the field, when the occasion required.


20:25 Arose - He rose from his seat where he was sat next the king, and stood at Abner's coming, to do honour to him, who was his father's cousin, and the general of the army.


20:26 Something - Some accident which has rendered him unclean, and so unfit to partake of this feast, which consisted in part of the remainders of the peace - offerings, according to the law, Lev 7:20.Unfit also to come into any company, much more, into the king's company, lest he should pollute them also.


20:27 Son of Jesse - So he calls him in scorn, to note the meanness of his original; and as not deigning to call him by his proper name.To day - For the uncleanness which came by some chance, usually lasted but for one day.


20:30 Thy confusion - Men will conclude that thou hast no royal blood in thy veins, that canst so tamely give up thy crown to so contemptible a person.


20:33 To smite him - Saul seemed to be in great care, that Jonathan should be established in his kingdom: and now he himself aims at his life! What fools, what worse than savage beasts does anger make.


20:37 To - That is, near the place. For the words following shew, that he was not yet come thither.


20:40 Artillery - His bow, and arrows, and quiver.


21  David coming to Nob, takes the shew - bread, and Goliath's sword, Sa1 21:1-9.
Goes to Achish, and feigns himself mad, Sa1 21:10-13.
Is dismissed by Achish, Sa1 21:14-15.


21:1 Nob - A city of priests, where the tabernacle now was. Hither David resorted, for a supply of his necessities, which he supposed he might receive here, without danger of being betrayed into Saul's hands: and principally, that in this great distress, he might receive comfort and counsel from the Lord. Ahimelech - The chief priest, brother to that Ahiah, chap.Sa1 14:3, and he being now dead, his successor in the priesthood, for they were both sons of Ahitub. Was afraid - Suspecting some extraordinary cause of his coming in such a manner. Alone - For though David had some servants as is manifest from ver. Sa1 21:4-5, whom Jonathan probably had sent to a place appointed, yet they were left at another place: as David himself affirmeth, ver. Sa1 21:2.And David was now alone, as also he was when he fled to Achish.He who had been suddenly advanced to the highest honour, is as soon reduced to the desolate conditions of an exile. Such changes are there in this world, and so uncertain are its smiles.


21:2 The king, etc - This seems to be a plain lie extorted from him, by fear. But it was pernicious to all the priests there. Whence David afterwards declares his repentance for this sin of lying, Psa 119:29.To such a place - To a certain place which it not convenient now to mention; because the whole business requires concealment.


21:4 There is, etc - Here in the tabernacle: though doubtless he had other provisions is his house; but David was in great haste, and in fear of Doeg whom he saw, and knew and therefore would not stay 'till any thing could be fetched thence. There was a double impediment to the giving this bread to them;

  1. Its sacredness in itself; which the priest implies, and David answers ver. Sa1 21:5, and the priest was satisfied therein by David's great necessities.
  2. The abstinence from all women, which he supposed should be in those that use it; concerning which he now enquires. And though he mentions this only concerning David's young men, and out of reverence forbears to name him; yet he is also included in the number, as David's answer shews.


21:5 Three days - As long as the law required, Exo 19:15.And so long David, and his men hid, it seems, hid themselves for fear of Saul, whereby they were kept both from women: and from food convenient for them. Vessels - That is, Either,

  1. Their garments, or other utensils for their journey. Or
  2. their bodies.
The bread - Heb. and this bread; is in a manner common: that is,considering the time, and our necessity, this maybe used in a manner, like common bread. For though for a season while it is to stand before the Lord, it be so holy, that the priest himself might not eat it; yet afterwards it is eaten by the priest, and his whole family, and so it may be by us, in our circumstances. Tho' it were - But newly put into the vessel, it must give place to the great law of necessity, and charity; because God will have mercy preferred before sacrifice.


21:7 Detained - Not by force but by his choice; he fixed his abode there for that day; either because it was the sabbath - day; on which he might not proceed in his journey, or for the discharge of some vow.Before the Lord - That is, at the tabernacle. An Edomite - By birth, but he was proselyted to the Jewish religion.


21:9 Ephod - That is, behind that holy place allotted for the keeping of the sacred, or priestly garments; all which are here comprehended under the ephod; which, as the chief is put for all the rest. Here it was laid up as a sacred monument of God's power and goodness.None like it - Because it not only served him for his use, for he was a strong and tall man, and one that could wield that sword, but was also a pledge of God's favour to him. Whenever be looked upon it, it would be a support to his faith, by reminding him of what God had already done.


21:10 To Achish - A strange action; but it must be considered, that Saul's rage was so great, his power also, and diligence in hunting after him that he despaired of escaping any other way: and a desperate disease, produceth a desperate remedy. The king elect is here an exile: anointed to the crown, and yet forced to run his country. So do God's providences sometimes run counter to his promises, for the trial of our faith, and the glorifying his name in accomplishing his counsels, notwithstanding the difficulties that lie in the way.


21:11 King of the land - Of Canaan. They call him king, either more generally for the governor, the most eminent captain and commander, or, as the king elect, the person designed to be king: for, by this time, the fame of Saul's rejection, and David's destination to the kingdom, was got abroad among the Israelites, and from them, probably to the Philistines. Did they not sing, etc - And therefore consider what to do; and now our great enemy is in thy hand, be sure thou never let him go alive.


21:12 Was afraid - Lest either their revenge or policy should prompt them to kill him. Perhaps he was the more apprehensive, because he wore Goliath's sword, which was probably well known at Gath. He now learned by experience what he afterward taught us, Psa 118:9.It is better to trust in the Lord, than to put any confidence in princes.


21:15 Mad men - It is highly probable, Achish was aware, that this madness was counterfeit. But being desirous to preserve David, he speaks as if he thought it real.


22  David escapes to the cave of Adullam, where many resort to him, Sa1 22:1-2.
Lodges his parents with the king of Moab, Sa1 22:3-4.
Comes to the forest of Hareth, Sa1 22:5.
Saul complains of his servants as unfaithful to him, Sa1 22:6-8.
On the information of Doeg, he orders the priests of Nob to be slain, and their city destroyed, Sa1 22:9-19.
David is informed of this by Abiathar, Sa1 22:20-23.


22:2 Debt - Probably poor debtors, whom the creditors were obliged to spare, Exo 22:25. And though their persons were with David, yet their lands and goods were liable to their creditors.Captain over them - He did not maintain any injustice or wickedness, which some of them possibly might be guilty of; but on the contrary, he instructed and obliged them to the practice of all justice and honesty.


22:3  'Till I know, etc - He expresses his hopes very modestly, as onethat had entirely cast himself upon God, and committed his way to him, trusting not in his own arts or arms, but in the wisdom, power and goodness of God.


22:4 Hold - In holds; the singular number being put for the plural; as is frequent; that is, as long as David was forced to go from place to place, and from hold to hold, to secure himself: for it concerned David to secure his father, and he did doubtless secure him for all that time; and not only while he was in the hold of Mizpeh, or of Adullam, which was but a little while.


22:5 Abide not - Do not shut up thyself here. Judah - Go and shew thyself in the land of Judah, that thou mayest publicly put in thy claim to the kingdom after Saul's death; and that thy friends may be invited and encouraged to appear on thy behalf. Hereby also God would exercise David's faith, and wisdom, and courage; and so prepare him for the kingdom.


22:6 Spear - It seems, as an ensign of majesty, for in old times kings carried a spear instead of a sceptre.


22:7 Ye Benjamites - You that are of my own tribe and kindred, from whom David designs to translate the kingdom to another tribe. Will he distribute profits and preferments among you Benjamites, as I have done?Will he not rather prefer those of his own tribe before you?


22:8 That all, etc - See the nature of jealousy, and its arts of wheedling to extort discoveries of things that are not.


22:10 He enquired - David chargeth him with the sin of lying, Psa 52:3, and it is not improbable, that he told many lies not hereexpressed; and withal, he was guilty of concealing part of the truth, which in this case he was obliged to declare for Ahimelech's just defence, namely, the artifice whereby David circumvented Ahimelech: making him believe, that he was then going upon the king's business, so that the service he did to David, was designed in honour to Saul.


22:11 The priests - Of the house of Eli, which God had threatened to cut off, chap.Sa1 2:31.


22:14 And said - He doth not determine the difference between Saul and David; nor affirm what David now was: but only declared what David formerly had been, and what he was still, for anything he knew to the contrary.


22:15 Knew nothing of all this - Of any design against thee.


22:18 The Edomite - This is noted to wipe off the stain of this butchery from the Israelitish nation, and to shew, why he was so ready to do it, because he was one of that nation which had an implacable hatred against all Israelites, and against the priests of the Lord.


22:19 Both men, etc - In all the life of Saul, there is no wickedness to be compared to this. He appears now to be wholly under the power of that evil spirit which had long tormented him. And this destruction could not but go to the heart of every pious Israelite, and make them wish a thousand times, they had been content with the government of Samuel.


22:20 Abiathar - Who by his father's death was now high - priest.


23  David saves Keilah from the Philistines, Sa1 23:1-6.
His danger there, and deliverance from it, Sa1 23:7-13.
He remains in the wilderness of Ziph, and is visited by Jonathan, Sa1 23:14-18.
Saul pursues him, Sa1 23:19-25.
His narrow escape, Sa1 23:26-29.


23:1 The Philistines, etc - Probably it was the departure of God and David from Saul, that encouraged the Philistines to make this inroad. When princes begin to persecute God's people and ministers, let them expect nothing but vexation on all sides.


23:4 Enquired again - Not for his own, but for his soldiers satisfaction.


23:6 Ephod - With the Ephod, the high - priest's Ephod, wherein were the Urim and the Thummim, which when Ahimelech and the rest of the priests went to Saul, were probably left in his hand. This gave him the opportunity both of escaping, whilst Doeg the butcher was killing his brethren, and of bringing away the Ephod, which Saul now was justly deprived of.


23:11 The Lord said - From this place it may appear that God's answer by Urim and Thummim, was not by any change in the colour or situation of the precious stones in the breast - plate of the Ephod, but by a voice or suggestion from God to the high - priest.He will - He purposeth to come, if thou continuest here. For still as David's question, so God's answer, is upon supposition.


23:16 And strengthened - He comforted and supported him against all his fears, by minding him of God's infallible promises made to him, and his singular providence which hitherto had and still would be with him.


23:17 Next to thee - Which he gathered either from David's generosity, and friendship to him; or from some promise made to him by David concerning it. So that the whole imports thus much; I do not look to be king myself (as by my birth I might expect,) but that thou shalt be king (God having so appointed) and I but in a secondary place inferior to thee.


23:18 Made a covenant - They then parted, and never came together again, that we find, in this world.


23:19 Ziphites - Who were of David's own tribe tho' for this their unnatural carriage to him, he calls them strangers, Psa 54:3.


23:25 A rock - That is, into a cave which was in the rock; where at first he might think to hide himself, but upon farther consideration he removed from thence upon Saul's approach.


23:27 A messenger, etc - The wisdom of God is never at a loss for ways, and means to preserve his people.


23:28 Called, etc - That is, The rock of divisions, because there Saul was separated, and in a manner pulled asunder from David, who was now almost within his reach.


24  Saul pursues David to Engedi, Sa1 24:1-2.
David cuts off his skirt, Sa1 24:3-7.
He reasons with Saul, Sa1 24:8-15.
Saul owns his fault, and returns home, Sa1 24:16-22.


24:2 Rocks - Which the wild goats used to delight in and climb over.These very rocks are exceeding steep, and full of precipices, and dangerous to travellers, as an eye - witness hath left upon record. And yet Saul was so transported with rage, as to venture himself and his army here, that he might take David, who, as he thought, would judge himself safe, and therefore be secure in such inaccessible places.


24:3 Went in - To sleep there: Saul being a military man, used to sleep with his soldiers upon the ground. And it is not improbable, that being weary with his eager and almost incessant pursuit, first of David, then of the Philistines, and now of David again, he both needed and desired some sleep, God also disposing him thereto, that David might have this eminent occasion to demonstrate his integrity to Saul, and to all Israel. Of the cave - For that there were vast caves in those parts is affirmed, not only by Josephus, but also by Heathen authors; Strabo writes of one which could receive four thousand men.


24:4 Behold, etc - Not that God had said these words, or made any such promise; but they put this construction upon those promises which God had made to him, of delivering him from all his enemies, and carrying him through all difficulties to the throne. This promise they conceived put him under an obligation of taking all opportunities which God put into his hand for their accomplishment.


24:10 Mine eye - The eye is said to spare, because it affects the heart with pity, and moves a man to spare.


24:12 Will avenge - If thou persistest in thy injuries and cruel designs against me.


24:13 Wickedness, etc - That is, wicked men will do wicked actions, among which this is one, to kill their sovereign lord and king; and therefore if I were so wicked a person as thy courtiers represent me, I should make no conscience of laying violent hands upon thee.


24:16 Thy voice - He knew his voice, though being at a great distance from him, he could not discern his face. Wept - From the sense of his sin against God, and his base carriage to David. He speaks as one quite overcome with David's kindness, and as one that relents at the sight of his own folly and ingratitude.


24:17 More righteous than I - He ingenuously acknowledges David's integrity, and his own iniquity.


24:19 The Lord reward thee - Because he thought himself not able to recompense so great a favour, he prays God to recompense it.


24:22 Unto the hold - Of En - gedi, ver. Sa1 24:1, for having had by frequent experience of Saul's inconstancy, he would trust him no more.


25  Samuel's death, Sa1 25:1.
The character of Nabal, Sa1 25:2-3.
David's requests to him, Sa1 25:4-9.
His churlish answer, Sa1 25:10-13.
David's purpose to destroy him told to Abigail, Sa1 25:13-17.
She pacifies David, Sa1 25:18-31.
His answer, Sa1 25:32-35.
The death of Nabal, Sa1 25:36-38.
David marries Abigail and Ahinoam, Sa1 25:39-44.


25:1 Lamented him - Those have hard hearts, that can bury their faithful ministers with dry eyes, and are not sensible of the loss of them who have prayed for them, and taught them the way of the Lord.


25:2 Carmel - In some part of this wilderness Israel wandered, when they came out of Egypt. The place would bring to mind God's care concerning them, which David might now improve for his own encouragement.


25:3 Abigail - That is, the joy of his father: yet he could not promise himself much joy of her, when he married her to such an husband: it seems, in inquiring, (no unfrequent thing) more after his wealth, than after his wisdom. Caleb - This is added to aggravate his crime, that he was a degenerate branch of that noble stock of Caleb, and consequently of the tribe of Judah, as David was.


25:4 Shear sheep - Which times were celebrated with feasting.


25:6 Prosperity - By this expression David both congratulates Nabal's felicity, and tacitly minds him of the distress in which he and his men were.


25:7 We hurt not - This considering the licentiousness of soldiers, and the necessities David and his men were exposed to, was no small favour, which Nabal was bound both in justice, and gratitude, and prudence to requite.


25:8 A good day - That is, in a day of feasting and rejoicing; when men are most chearful and liberal; when thou mayst relieve us out of thy abundance without damage to thyself; when thou art receiving the mercies of God, and therefore obliged to pity and relieve distressed and indigent persons.


25:17 Can not speak - But he flies into a passion.


25:18 Abigail took, etc - This she did without his leave, because it was a case of apparent necessity, for the preservation of herself, and husband, and all the family from imminent ruin. And surely, that necessity which dispenseth with God's positive commands, might dispense with the husband's right, in this case. Bottles - Casks or rundlets.


25:22 Enemies of David - That is, unto David himself. But because it might seem ominous to curse himself, therefore instead of David, he mentions David's enemies. But is this the voice of David? Can he speak so unadvisedly with his lips? Has he been so long in the school of affliction, and learned no more patience therein? Lord, what is man?And what need have we to pray, lead us not into temptation.


25:24 And said, etc - Impute Nabal's sin to me, and if thou pleasest, punish it in me, who here offer myself as a sacrifice to thy just indignation. This whole speech of Abigail shews great wisdom, by an absolute submitting to mercy, without any pretence of justification, of what was done, (but rather with aggravation of it) she endeavours to work upon David's generosity, to pardon it. And there is hardly any head of argument, whence the greatest orator might argue in this case, which she doth not manage to the best advantage.


25:25 Nabal is his name - Nabal signifies a fool.


25:26 As Nabal - Let them be as contemptible as Nabal is, and will be for this odious action; let them be as unable to do thee any hurt as he is; let them be forced to yield to thee, and implore thy pardon, as Nabal now doth by my mouth: let the vengeance thou didst design upon Nabal and his family fall upon their heads, who, by their inveterate malice against thee, do more deserve it than this fool for this miscarriage; and much more than all the rest of our family, who, as they are none of thine enemies, so they were in way guilty of this wicked action. And therefore spare these, and execute thy vengeance upon more proper objects.


25:27 Blessing - So a gift or present is called here, and elsewhere; not only because the matter of it comes from God's blessing; but also because it is given with a blessing, or with a good will.Unto the young men - As being unworthy of thine acceptance or use.


25:28 The trespass - That is, which I have taken upon myself, and which, if it be punished, the punishment will reach to me.Sure house - Will give the kingdom to thee, and to thy house for ever, as he hath promised thee. And therefore let God's kindness to thee, make thee gentle and merciful to others; do not sully thy approaching glory with the stain of innocent blood; but consider, that it is the glory of a king, to profit by offences: and that it will be thy loss to cut off such as will shortly be thy subjects. The battles - For the Lord, and for the people of the Lord against their enemies; especially, the Philistines. And as this is thy proper work, and therein thou mayest expect God's blessing; so it is not thy work to draw thy sword in thy own private quarrel against any of the people of the Lord; and God will not bless thee in it.Evil hath not, etc - Though thou hast been charged with many crimes by Saul and others; yet thy innocency is evident to all men: do not therefore by this cruel act, justify thine enemies reproaches, or blemish thy great and just reputation.


25:29 A man - Saul though no way injured. Thy soul - To take away thy life. Bundle of life - Or, in the bundle: that is, in the society, or congregation of the living; out of which, men are taken, and cut off by death. The phrase is taken from the common usage of men, who bind those things in bundles, which they are afraid to lose. The meaning is, God will preserve thy life; and therefore it becomes not thee, unnecessarily to take away the lives of any; especially of the people of thy God. With the Lord - That is, in the custody of God, who by his watchful providence, preserves this bundle, and all that are in it; and thee in a particular manner, as being thy God in a particular way, and special covenant. The Jews understand this. not only of the present life, but of that which is to come, even the happiness of departed souls, and therefore use it commonly, as an inscription on their grave - stones. "Here we have laid the body, trusting the soul is bound up in the bundleof life with the Lord." Sling out - God himself will cut them off suddenly, violently, and irresistibly; and cast them far away; both from his presence, and from thy neighbourhood, and from all capacity of doing thee hurt.


25:31 No grief - The mind and conscience will be free from all the torment which such an action would cause in thee. By which, she intimates, what a blemish this would be to his glory, what a disturbance to his peace, if he proceeded to execute his purpose: and withal implies, how comfortable it would be to him to remember, that he had for conscience to God, restrained his passions. Causeless - Which she signifies would be done if he should go on. For though Nabal had been guilty of abominable rudeness, and ingratitude; yet he had done nothing worthy of death, by the laws of God or of man. And whatsoever he had done, the rest of his family were innocent. Avenged - Which is directly contrary to God's law, Lev 19:18 Sa1 25, Deu 32:35, .Then - When God shall make thee king, let me find grace in thy sight.


25:32 The Lord - Who by his gracious providence so disposed matters, that thou shouldst come to me: He rightly begins at the fountain of his deliverance; and then proceeds to the instruments.


25:33 From coming, etc - Which I had sworn to do. Hereby it plainly appears, that oaths whereby men bind themselves to any sin, are null and void: and as it was a sin to make them; so it is adding sin to sin to perform them.


25:35 Accepted - That is, shewed my acceptance of thy person, by my grant of thy request.


25:36 A feast - As the manner was upon those solemn occasions.Sordid covetousness, and vain prodigality were met together in him.Told nothing - As he was then incapable of admonition, his reason and conscience being both asleep.


25:37 His heart died - He fainted away through the fear and horror of so great a mischief though it was past. As one, who having in the night galloped over a narrow plank, laid upon a broken bridge, over a deep river; when in the morning he came to review it, was struck dead with the horror of the danger he had been in.


25:38 Smote - God either inflicted some other stroke upon him, or increased his grief and fear to such an height, as killed him.


25:39 Blessed, etc - This was another instance of human infirmity in David. David sent - But this doubtless was not done immediately after Nabal's death, but some time after it; though such circumstances be commonly omitted in the sacred history; which gives only the heads, and most important passages of things.


26  The Ziphites inform Saul of David, who pursues him again, Sa1 26:1-3.
David sends out spies, and views his camp, Sa1 26:4-5.
Comes to him, being asleep, and takes his spear and cruse of water, Sa1 26:6-12.
Reasons with him upon it, Sa1 26:13-20.
Saul again owns his spirit, and promises to pursue him no more, Sa1 26:21-25.


26:5 The Ziphites - Probably Saul would have pursued David no more, had not these wretches set him on.


26:6 Zerujah - David's sister. His father is not named either because he was now dead; or because he was an obscure person.


26:7 Came - That is, to Saul's host. It might seem a bold and strange attempt; but it may be considered:

  1. That David had a particular assurance that God would preserve him to the kingdom.
  2. That he had a special instinct from God, to this work; and possibly God might inform him, that he had cast them into a deep sleep, that he might have this second opportunity of manifesting his innocency towards Saul.


26:9 Destroy him not, etc - Though Saul be a tyrant, yet he is our Lord and king; and I, though designed king, as yet am his subject; and therefore cannot kill him without sin, nor will I consent that thou shouldst do it.


26:11 Take the spear - Which will shew where we have been, and what we could have done.


26:13 Afar off - That his person might be out of their reach, and yet his voice might be heard; which in a clear air, and in the silence of the night might be heard at a great distance.


26:14 Cried to the people - It is probable this was early in the morning.


26:19 The Lord - If the Lord hath by the evil spirit which he hath sent, or by his secret providence, directed thy rage against me for the punishment of thine, or my sins. An offering - Let us offer up a sacrifice to God to appease his wrath against us. Driven me - From the land which God hath given to his people for their inheritance, and where he hath established his presence and worship. Go serve - This was the language of their actions. For by driving him from God's land, and the place of his worship, into foreign and idolatrous lands, they exposed him to the peril of being either ensnared by their counsels, or examples; or forced by their power to worship idols.


26:20 Before the Lord - Remember, if thou dost it, God the judge of all men seeth it, and will avenge it; though I will not avenge myself.


26:21 My soul, etc - This second instance of David's tenderness wrought more upon Saul than the former. He owns himself melted and quite overcome by David's kindness to him. My soul was precious in thine eyes, which I thought had been odious. He acknowledges he had done very ill to persecute him: I have acted against God's law, I have sinned: and against my own interest, I have played the fool, in pursuing him as an enemy, who was indeed one of my best friends. And herein I have erred exceedingly, have wronged both thee and myself. Nothing can be more full and ingenuous than this confession: God surely now touched his heart. And he promises to persecute him no more: nor does it appear that he ever attempted it.


26:25 Blessed, etc - So strong was his conviction now, that he could notforbear blessing him, foretelling his success, applauding David, and condemning himself, even in the hearing of his own soldiers. And this, it seems, was their last interview. After this they saw each other no more.


27  David retires to Gath, Sa1 27:1-4.
Achish gives him Ziklag, Sa1 27:5-7.
David destroys the Canaanites, Sa1 27:8-9.
Persuades Achish he fought against Judah, Sa1 27:10-12.


27:1 I shall perish - But this was certainly a very great fault in David: for

  1. This proceeded from gross distrust of God's promise and providence; and that after such repeated demonstrations of God's peculiar care over him.
  2. He forsakes the place where god had settled him, chap.Sa1 22:5, and given him both assurance and experience of his protection there.
  3. He voluntarily runs upon that rock, which he cursed his enemies for throwing him upon, chap.Sa1 26:19, and upon many other snares and dangers, as the following history will shew; and withal, deprives the people of the Lord of those succours which he might have given them, in case of a battle.
But God hereby designed to withdraw David from the Israelites, thatthey might fall by the hand of the Philistines, without any reproach or inconvenience to David.


27:4 Sought no more for him - At their meeting Saul's heart was deeply wounded, and he had said, "Return, my son David, Be with me as in time past." Nor have we the least proof, that he would have sought for him again, with any other design.


27:5 Give me a place - A prudent desire. Hereby David designed to preserve his people, both from the vices, which conversation with the Philistines would have exposed them to; and from that envy, and malice, which diversity of religion might have caused. With thee - Which is too great an honour for me, and too burdensome to thee, and may be an occasion of offence to thy people.


27:6 Gave Ziklag - Not only to inhabit, but to possess it as his own.Which he did, to lay the greater obligations upon David, whom he knew so able to serve him. It was given to the tribe of Judah before, Jos 15:31,but the Philistines kept the possession of it 'till this time.And being given by them to David, it now belonged not to the tribe of Judah; but to the king of Judah, David and his heirs forever.To this day - This, and some such clauses seem to have been added, after the main substance of the several books was written.


27:8 Amalekites - The remnant of those whom Saul destroyed, chap.Sa1 15:3-9, who retired into remote and desert places.


27:9 Let neither man, etc - In that part where he came: but there were more of the Amalekites yet left in another part of that land.


27:10 David - These and the following words are ambiguous, and contrary to that simplicity which became David, both as a prince, and as an eminent professor of the true religion. The fidelity of Achish to him, and the confidence he put in him, aggravates his sin in thus deceiving him, which David seems penitently to reflect on, when he prays, Remove from me the way of lying.


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24:5 Давид испытывает угрызения совести (ср. 2 Цар 24:10), ибо считалось, что одежда заменяет личность (ср. 1 Цар 18:4): притронуться к одежде значило прикоснуться к личности.


25:4 Стрижка овец давала повод для праздника, на котором богатый владелец был Давид воспользовался этим обстоятельством, чтобы потребовать налог т. н. права "братства", который кочевники взимали с соседних сел за оказанную им "защиту", заключавшуюся в том, что они их не грабили и отгоняли мародеров (ст. 1 Цар 25:16).


25:25 По-евр. "навал" означает безумца, одновременно глупого, нечестивого и злого (ср. Ис 32:5сл).


26:19 Считалось, что Господь настолько связан с израильской землей, Своим "наследием", что невозможно поклоняться Ему "за ее пределами, где царили другие боги". Поэтому и Нееман уносит с собой в Дамаск немного израильской земли (4 Цар 5:17). Заставить Давида уйти в изгнание - значит обречь его на отказ от Бога Израилева.


27:6 На границе земли филистимлян, северо-восточнее Вирсавии. Анхус отдает город Давиду, как вассалу, рассчитывая на его отряд для поддержания порядка в соседней пустыне.


1 и 2 кн Царств в еврейской Библии составляют одну книгу, под названием кн Самуила, которого считали их автором. Разделение на две книги восходит к греч переводу. В нем эти книги названы 1 и 2 кн Царств, и объединены с двумя следующими книгами, получившими название 3 и 4 кн Царств. В Вульгате первые две книги сохранили название книг Самуила (1 и 2), а две последующие называются 1 и 2 кн Царей. По сравнению с другими книгами ВЗ текст этих книг плохо сохранился. Греч перевод LXX довольно далек от евр — однако восходит к прототипу, значительные фрагменты которого найдены в Кумранских пещерах. Существовало, следовательно, несколько еврейских «рецензий» (вариантов) книг Самуила.

В 1 и 2 кн Царств можно различить пять частей: а) Самуил (1 Samuelis 1-7); б) Самуил и Саул (1 Samuelis 8-15); в) Саул и Давид (1 Samuelis 162 Samuelis 1); г) Давид (2 Samuelis 2-20); д) приложения (2 Samuelis 21-24).

Автор этого труда комбинирует или просто располагает в последовательном порядке материалы различного, письменного или устного, происхождения о начале периода монархии. Приведен рассказ о ковчеге Завета и о его захвате филистимлянами (1 Samuelis 4-6), продолжающийся в 2 Samuelis 6. Он обрамлен двумя другими рассказами: 1) о детстве Самуила (1 Samuelis 1-2); 2) о том, как он в качестве последнего из Судей исполнял обязанности правителя; в заключении предвосхищается избавление от ига филистимлян (1 Samuelis 7). Самуил играет первостепенную роль в деле учреждения царской власти (1 Samuelis 8-12). В изложении ее становления уже давно различали две группы преданий: 9—10 1-16; 11 с одной стороны и 8, 10-17-24; 12 — с другой. Первую группу принято называть монархической версией данных событий, а вторую, считавшуюся позднейшей, — «антимонархической». В действительности же обе версии древнего происхождения и отражают лишь две различные тенденции. «Антимонархичность» второй заключается лишь в том, что она осуждает такого рода царскую власть, которая не достаточно считается с суверенной властью Бога. Войны Саула с филистимлянами описываются в гл 13—14, а первая версия об его отвержении дана в 1 Samuelis 13:7-13. Другая версия того же события излагается в гл 15 в связи с войной против амалекитян. Это утверждение подготавливает помазание Давида Самуилом (1 Samuelis 16:1-13). Параллельные и, по-видимому, одинаково древние предания о первых шагах Давида и его столкновениях с Саулом находятся в 1 Samuelis 16:42 Samuelis 1, где часто встречаются повторения. Конец этой истории дан в 2 Samuelis 2-5: Давид в результате правления в Хевроне, войны с филистимлянами и взятия Иерусалима утверждается как царь всего Израиля (2 Samuelis 5:12). В гл 6 автор возвращается к истории ковчега Завета; гл 7 содержит пророчество Нафана, а гл 8 представляет собою редакционное резюме.

С 2 Samuelis 9 по 1 Regum 1-2 рассказана история семьи Давида и ее борьбы за наследование престола; она описана очевидцем в первую половину царствования Соломона и прервана гл 2 Samuelis 21-24, в которых помещены документы различного происхождения, относящиеся к царствованию Давида.

Первая и вторая книги Царств охватывают период, простирающийся от возникновения израильской монархии до конца царствования Давида. Экспансия филистимлян — битва под Афеком (приблиз. в 1050 г) — поставила под угрозу само существование Израиля и принудила его установить монархию. Саул (около 1030 г) выступает сначала как судья, но будучи признан всеми коленами, становится их главою. Так возникает царская власть. Начинается освободительная война, и филистимляне вынуждены возвратиться в свои пределы (1 Samuelis 14); позднейшие столкновения происходят уже на окраинах израильской территории, в Теревинфской долине (1 Samuelis 17) и на Гельвуйской горе (1 Samuelis 28 и 1 Samuelis 31). В этой последней битве, закончившейся полным поражением Израиля, погибает Саул (ок. 1010 г). Национальное единство снова под угрозой: в Хевроне «мужи Иудины» помазали на царство Давида, северные же колена противопоставили ему Иевосфея, потомка Саула, укрывшегося в Заиордании. Но убийство Иевосфея изменяет положение, и весь Израиль признает Давида царем.

2 кн Царств лишь кратко касается политических результатов царствования Давида, хотя они были весьма значительны. Филистимляне были окончательно изгнаны, объединение территории завершилось поглощением хананейских «островков» и, прежде всего, Иерусалима, ставшего политической и религиозной столицей царства. Покорено было все Заиорданье, и Давид распространил свою власть на южную Сирию. Однако после смерти Давида (ок. 970 г) оказалось, что национальное единство не стало еще достаточно прочным. Хотя Давид был царем Израиля и Иуды, они не раз противостояли друг другу: мятеж Авессалома был поддержан северянами, а Сива, из колена Вениаминова, пытался возмутить народ криком: «К шатрам твоим, Израиль!». Раскол уже предчувствовался.

Религиозный смысл этих книг в том, что в них указываются условия и трудности установления теократического порядка на земле. Этот идеал был достигнут при Давиде. До него мы видим неудачу Саула, а после него — нечестивых царей, поведение которых вызвало гнев Божий и привело к национальной катастрофе. С пророчеством Нафана пробуждается мессианская надежда, питаемая обетованиями, данными дому Давидову. Авторы НЗ-ных книг трижды ссылаются на него (Actus 2:30; 2 Corinthios 6:18; Hebraeos 1:5). Иисус — потомок Давида, и наименование «сын Давида», данное ему народом, является признанием Его как Мессии. Отцы Церкви проводили параллель между жизнью Давида и жизнью Иисуса Христа, избранного для спасения всех, царя духовного Израиля и все же, подобно Давиду, гонимого Своими.

В еврейской Библии исторические книги (Иисуса Навина, Судей и Царств) называются «Небиии ришоним». т.е. «Ранние пророки», в противоположность «Поздним пророкам»: Исайе, Иеремии, Иезёкиилю, Даниилу и двенадцати «малым пророкам». Предание приписывало их составление пророкам: Иисусу Навину, Самуилу и Иеремии. Уже само название этих книг свидетельствует о том, что составители не являются историками в древнем и, тем более, современном смысле слова. Они — глашатаи Слова Божия, избравшие главной темой своих книг отношение Израиля с Ягве, его верность или неверность — неверность в особенности — Богу Завета. Приводя примеры из прошлого, они излагают религиозное учение, выступают как пророки и наставники народа. Их интересуют не столько минувшие события, сколько уроки, которые можно из них извлечь.

Однако назидательный характер «Ранних пророков» не лишает их повествование исторической ценности. Составители этих книг опираются на обширный материал первостепенной важности и значения. Это не только устные рассказы и древний эпос, но и биографии великих людей Израиля, написанные вскоре после их кончины, а также государственные летописи Израильского и Иудейского царств, на которые свящ. писатели часто ссылаются (Sa2 1:18; Ki1 11:41; Ki1 14:19; ср Ch2 27:7).

Исторические книги составляют одно целое, завершенное не ранее 562 г до Р.Х. (Ki2 25:27). В Библии они следуют непосредственно за Пятикнижием: в конце кн Втор Иисус Навин указан как преемник Моисея, а события кн Ис Нав начинаются как раз на другой день после смерти законодателя Израиля.

Духовный смысл сборника можно кратко сформулировать следующим образом: Ягве, положив начало существованию Своего народа, ведет его по пути восхождения к тому времени, когда Он окончательно воцарится в мире (Царство Божие). Для этого Он отдает Израилю Землю Обетованную, поставляет Давида монархом и обещает его потомку вечную власть в эсхатологическом Царстве. Но в то же время составители исторических книг сурово и беспощадно обличают народ Божий за его неверность Завету. Эта неверность является прямой причиной тех бедствий, которые обрушиваются на Израиль. Таким образом история превращается в урок и предупреждение. Она содержит призыв к покаянию, который с особой силой прозвучал в эпоху плена Вавилонского.

Второзаконие исторически обосновало учение об избранности Израиля и определило вытекающее отсюда его теократическое устройство; вслед затем кн Ис Нав рассказывает о поселении избранного народа в Обетованной Земле, кн Судей излагает чередование отступничеств и помилований, 1 и 2 кн Царств повествуют о кризисе, приведшем к установлению царской власти и подвергшем опасности теократический идеал, который затем осуществляется при Давиде; 3 и 4 кн Царств описывают упадок, начавшийся при Соломоне: несмотря на благочестие некоторых царей, произошел целый ряд отступничеств, за которые Бог покарал Свой народ.

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18:10 Музыка Давида потеряла для Саула, по-видимому, всякое очарование. Вид предполагаемого претендента на его престол вызывал в Сауле необузданное бешенство.


18:11 Надобно полагать, что Саул действовал здесь не совсем бессознательно, потому что вскоре затем он начал хладнокровно придумывать другие, более благовидные, способы погубить Давида.


18:12-16 Явная благоуспешность Давида во всем, его неотразимое обаяние на окружающих внушали болезненно-подозрительному царю нечто вроде суеверного страха к личности своего предполагаемого врага.


18:17 Очевидно, Саул еще не решался открыто выступить против юного народного героя.


18:21  Она будет ему сетью — см. ст. 25.


18:25  Вено — брачный дар жениха за невесту, определявшийся в своем объеме, между прочим, и важностью социального положения невесты. Вено за дочь царя не могло быть малозначительным.


Краеобрезание — обрезание крайней плоти.


18:26 Чувства Мелхолы и Давида, очевидно, были взаимными.


18:27  Еще не прошли назначенные для выступления в поход дни.


18:28-30 Заключив брак между Мелхолой и Давидом, Саул «попал, так сказать, в сети, расставленные им самим. Сделавши Давида своим зятем, он понял, что Давид стал теперь несравненно опаснее для него, так как сделался членом его царского дома» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 90).


19:1 Потеряв надежду погубить Давида тайно, Саул сбрасывает с себя личину последнего самообладания и открыто заявляет придворным о своих чувствах и намерениях в отношении сына Иессеева.


19:3  В поле, пользуясь благодушием царя во время прогулки.


19:6-7 Наружно Саул не мог не согласиться с разумными доводами Ионафана, но в душе, конечно, оставался по-прежнему нерасположенным к Давиду.


19:19  В Навафе, в Раме (см. прим. к 10:5). «Наваф» «переводится обыкновенно как собственное имя и, вероятно, действительно употреблялось как собственное имя; но оно, по всем признакам, заключает в себе нарицательное понятие, соответствующее тому, что у нас называется «общежитием»; некоторые толкователи слово «Наваф» переводят «пастушеский дом, гостиница», а халдейский переводчик — «дом учения». Имея в виду, что в Навафе был сонм пророков, можно думать, что Наваф был общежитием, питомником, «seminarium’ом» сынов пророческих в Раме Самуиловой» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 92-93, прим.).


19:20-24  И они стали пророчествовать. См. прим. к 10:5. Нет ничего невозможного в том предположении, что посланные взять Давида, всей душой принадлежали несправедливо гонимому победителю филистимлян и, быть может, немало мучились внутри себя, исполняя долг повиновения Саулу. «И вот, они приходят в Раму. Со свойственным еврею чувством благоговения, смешанного со страхом, подходят к таинственному жилищу пророков, и глазам их представляется поразительное зрелище: множество мужей и юношей, с маститым старцем во главе, в торжественной позе, с вдохновленным взором, могучим, но согласным голосом поют возвышенные гимны, прославляющие величие и чудные дела Иеговы. Глубоко пораженные воины невольно останавливаются, вспоминают о деле, за которым пришли, и ими овладевает благоговейный ужас. С поразительной ясностью они видят всю неестественность, всю греховность дела, за которым явились. С сильным волнением они начали сообщать друг другу свои мысли и чувства, прославлять подвиги и благочестие Давида и в конце концов до того воодушевились, что стали верить, насколько умели, могучему хору пророков» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 95-96). Обаяние сонма пророков было настолько велико, что его не избежал и сам Саул (23-24 ст., ср. 10:10-13).


20:5  Новомесячие — праздник новомесячия (Чис 10:10; 28:11-15).


20:6  Там годичное жертвоприношение всего родства его — см. прим. 7:9.


20:8  Ибо ты принял раба твоего в завет Господень с тобою — см. 18:1-4.


20:26  Нечист, т. е. находится в состоянии какого-либо очищения себя по закону (см. Лев гл. 11; 12; 13; 17; Чис гл. 5; 12; 19; 31 и др.).


20:40  В город Гиву Вениаминову.


21:1  Номва — к северо-востоку от Иерусалима. Можно полагать, что здесь находилась в настоящее время скиния Господня.


К Ахимелеху первосвященнику, в Мк 2:26 при упоминании об этом событии назван Авиафар. Предполагают, что евангелист назвал вместо отца сына, который, за старостью отца, исправлял-де первосвященнические обязанности. Но, имея в виду 2 Цар 8:17 и 1 Пар 18:16, нужно отдать предпочтение другому предположению, что как отец, так и сын носили двойное имя: Ахимелех-Авиафар.


И смутился Ахимелех: отношения между Саулом и Давидом не могли быть, конечно, неизвестны первосвященнику. Приход царского зятя без надлежащей свиты заставили предположить первосвященника, что Давид преследуем и потому небезопасен для тех, кто бы вздумал укрыть его от царя.


21:2 Вымышленный Давидом предлог посещения города Номвы, а равно и вымышленное объяснение им своего желания получить священные хлебы и меч Голиафа (ст. 3-6, 8-9) могут быть объяснены тем поистине безвыходным положением, в котором находился невинно преследуемый Давид.


21:3-6 Ср. Лк 6:1-4.


21:10  Геф — один из главных филистимских городов — к западу от Вифлеема. См. прим. к 6:17.


21:13  И изменил лицо свое, т. е. притворился безумным, дабы не возбудить в филистимлянах подозрений насчет каких-нибудь скрытых политических целей его прибытия к ним.


22:1  Адоллам — между Гефом и Вифлеемом, в пустынной части Иудиных гор.


И пришли к нему туда, считая свое вифлеемское жилище не вполне безопасным от гнева исступленного Саула. Саул мог захватить семейство Давида в качестве заложников, чтобы тем самым принудить своего мнимого врага к добровольной сдаче.


22:2  И собрались к нему все несправедливо притесненные сильнейшими их; все должники, в конце истощенные своими неумолимыми кредиторами и не нашедшие суда над ними; все огорченные душою, т. е. пострадавшие от того грубого произвола и неурядицы, которые царили в пределах монархии больного Саула.


22:3  Массифа Моавитская — в южных пределах земли моавитян.


Пусть отец мой и мать моя побудут у вас. Несомненно, что в пределах Еврейского царства безопасность семьи Давида не могла быть гарантирована так прочно, как за пределами этого царства. Притом же присутствие в дружине Давида преклонных родителей последнего могло бы оказаться, в конце концов, стеснительным для быстрых переходов и решительных действий дружины.


22:5  Не оставайся в этом убежище. «Водимый Богом ум пророков находил, что Давиду не следовало оставаться долгое время в зависимом общении с соседними языческими царями и жить вдали от своего народа, не принимая никакого деятельного участия в его судьбах» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 102).


Местность: Лес Херет, Зиф, Маон, Энгадди — в промежутке между Хевроном и Мертвым морем.


22:8  Строить мне ковы. В больном воображении царя действия Давида получают вид широко организованной вооруженной агитации против Саула.


22:9 См. 21:7.


22:10  И тот вопросил о нем Господа — через посредство святыни Господней, первосвященнического нагрудника. В 21-й главе об этом действии Ахимелеха не упоминается: достоверность показания Давида не стоит, однако, в противоречии с дальнейшими показаниями и самого первосвященника: «Разве теперь только я стал вопрошать для него Бога?» (гл. 21 ст. 12-15).


22:18  Носивших льняной ефод — см. прим. к 2:18.


22:20-23 Вместе с первосвященником в стан Давида был принесен и священный ефод (гл. 23). В наиболее затруднительных случаях Давид мог пользоваться теперь откровениями благой и совершенной воли Господней, являемыми через посредство Его святыни.


23:1  Кеиль — к северо-западу от Хеврона.


23:2  И вопросил Давид Господа — через посредство святыни Господней (ст. 6).


23:14  Пустыня Зиф — см. прим. к 22:5.


23:17  И Саул, отец мой, знает это — см. 20:80-31; 24:18-23.


23:19  Зифеи — жители местности Зиф. См. прим. к 22:5.


23:21  Пожалели о мне — ср. 22:7-8.


23:24  Пустыня Маон — см. прим. к 22:5.


23:28  Села-Гаммахлекоф — «скала разделений».


23:29  Эн-Гадди — дикая гористая местность на западном берегу Мертвого моря.


24:5  Больно стало сердцу Давида — при сознании того невысокого чувства, которому он только что подчинился (ср. ст. 7).


24:14  За мертвым псом, за одною блохою. Сравнения, указывающие на несоизмеримость социального положения и вооруженной силы Саула и Давида.


25:1  Пустыня Фаран — северная часть Аравийской пустыни, между Палестиной и Египтом, Идумеей и Синайским полуостровом.


25:2  Маон — см. прим. к 22:5.


Упоминаемый здесь Кармил — город на юг от Хеврона.


25:3 Имя Навал означает «Безумный». «Без сомнения, это было не подлинное его имя, а прозвище, данное народом. Навал поражал окружающих дикостью и нелепостью своего характера, и народный юмор, скрыв его настоящее, быть может, совсем к нему не подходившее имя, утвердил за ним название самодура» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 112).


25:5-9 «Давид рассчитывал на благодарность Навала за то, что воины Давида, по роду жизни похожие на тех праздных наездников, от которых владельцы стад терпели немало, не только ничего не похитили из стад Навала, но и оберегали их от хищников; были оградой для его пастухов, как сознавались сами пастухи. Но Навал показал, что он недаром носил свое прозвище» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 112).


25:13 Давид оставлял безнаказанной несправедливость Саула, щадя в его лице Помазанника Божьего и видя в своей покорности ему долг верноподданного (24:7,10-16); но не мог оставить без наказания дикую выходку Навала, так как смирение пред Навалом могло быть истолковано его сторонниками за простое бессилие защитить свою честь и права.


25:21-22 См. прим. к 13 ст.


25:24-31 Авигея извиняется пред Давидом в происшедшем недоразумении, объясняя его прирожденной, общеизвестной глупостью и самодурством Навала; умоляет Давида укротить свой гнев, предсказывая ему в будущем твердое и славное царствование, которое да не омрачится воспоминанием о несправедливо пролитой крови невменяемого Навала и его домашних.


25:36  И не сказала ему ни слова о прошедшем, так как это было бы в данное время бесполезным, а быть может, и прямо вредным, — принимая во внимание необузданный нрав Навала.


26:1  Зифеи — см. прим. к 22:5.


26:8  И не повторю удара, т. е. надеюсь, что жизнь Саула прекратится после первого же удара копьем.


26:11-12 В 15-16 ст. объясняется, для чего были взяты копье и сосуд.


26:15 Не муж ли ты, т. е. разве ты не мужчина? И кто равен тебе в Израиле по силе и отваге, а также по положению у престола родственно расположенного к тебе царя (14:50)?


26:19  Ступай, служи богам чужим, т. е. иди из земли избранного народа Господня и скитайся в землях язычников, среди поклоняющихся идолам.


26:30  Вышел искать одну блоху, гоняется за куропаткой. См. прим. к 24:15.


26:35 Ср. 24:21-22.


27:2 Филистимский город Геф — к западу от Вифлеема. Ср. 21:10-15.


27:3 Ср. 25:42-43.


27:5-11 «Анхус смотрел на Давида как на своего вассала и обязывал его вредить своим врагам, евреям. Чтобы избавить себя от этого невозможного условия и в то же время не навлечь на себя подозрения Анхуса, Давид выпросил для жилища себе удаленное от столицы местечко на южной окраине Филистимской земли Секелаг. Отсюда он предпринимал походы со своей дружиной, но не на восток, во владения Саула, а на юг для поражения хищнических племен, одинаково враждебных как филистимлянам, так и евреям» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 115-116).


Название и разделение книг в Библии. Известные ныне четыре книги Царств в древнем еврейском кодексе священных книг составляли две книги: одна из них (в состав которой входили нынешние первая и вторая книги Царств) называлась «Сефер Шемуель», т. е. «Книга Самуила», так как ее содержанием является повествование о пророке Самуиле и помазанных им на Еврейское царство Сауле и Давиде; другая (в состав которой входили нынешние третья и четвертая книги Царств) называлась «Сефер Мелахим», т. е. «Книга Царей», так как ее содержанием является повествование о последнем общееврейском царе Соломоне и о царях царства Иудейского и царства Израильского. Теперешнее деление означенных книг на четыре явилось прежде всего в греческом переводе LXX-ти, где они получили названия: «Βασιλείων πρώτη (βίβλος)», т. е. «Первая книга Царств»; Βασιλείων δευτέρα — «Вторая книга Царств»; Βασιλείων τρίτη — «Третья книга Царств»; Βασιλείων τετάρτη — «Четвертая книга Царств». Затем оно было усвоено и латинским переводом Вульгатой, где заглавия книг получили такой вид: «Liber primus Samuelis, quem nos primum Regum dicimus» («Первая книга Самуила, которую мы называем Первою книгою Царей»); «Liber secundus Samuelis, quem nos secundum Regum dicimus» («Вторая книга Самуила, которую мы называем Второю книгою Царей»); «Liber Regum tertius, secundum Hebraeos primus Malachim» («Третья книга Царей, по еврейскому счету — Первая книга Мелахим — Царей»); «Liber Regum quartus, secundum Hebraeos Malachim secundus» («Четвертая книга Царей, по еврейскому счету — Вторая книга Мелахим — Царей»).

Впрочем, в каноническом счислении книг Ветхого Завета Православная Церковь удержала древнееврейское деление книг Царств на две книги, соединяя воедино Первую и Вторую книги Царств, а также Третью и Четвертую книги.

Содержание книг Царств. В Первой книге Царств повествуется о пророке и судье еврейского народа Самуиле и о первом еврейском царе Сауле. Во Второй книге Царств повествуется о втором еврейском царе Давиде. В Третьей книге Царств повествуется о третьем еврейском царе Соломоне, о распадении еврейской монархии на два царства — Иудейское и Израильское — и о царях того и другого царства, кончая царем Иосафатом в Иудейском царстве и царем Охозией в Израильском. В Четвертой книге Царств повествуется об остальных царях Иуды и Израиля, кончая ассирийским пленом в отношении Израильского царства и вавилонским пленом в отношении Иудейского царства.

Период истории еврейского народа, обнимаемый повествованием всех четырех книг Царств, превышает 500 лет.

Писатели книг Царств. Первоначальными писателями Первой и Второй книг Царств были пророки Самуил, Натан и Гад (1 Paralipomenon 29:29). Кто-либо из пророков позднейшего времени просмотрел записи Самуила, Натана и Гада, дополнил их (1 Samuelis 5:5; 1 Samuelis 6:18; 1 Samuelis 9:9; 1 Samuelis 27:6; 2 Samuelis 4:3) и придал им объединенный, законченный вид.

Первоначальными писателями Третьей и Четвертой книг Царств были следовавшие за Натаном и Гадом пророки и дееписатели, оставившие после себя записи с приуроченными к ним названиями: «Книга дел Соломоновых» (1 Regum 11:41); «Летопись царей иудейских» (1 Regum 14:29; 1 Regum 15:7.23; 1 Regum 22:46; 2 Regum 8:23); «Летопись царей израильских» (1 Regum 14:19; 1 Regum 15:31; 1 Regum 16:5.14.20.27; 1 Regum 22:39; 2 Regum 1:8; 2 Regum 10:34). Кто-либо из последних ветхозаветных пророков (по свидетельству еврейской и христианской древности — пророк Иеремия), а может быть, и сам великий книжник и собиратель канона ветхозаветных священных писаний Ездра, просмотрел эти записи и привел их в тот вид, в каком они дошли до нашего времени.

Исторические книги


По принятому в греко-славянской и латинской Библиях делению ветхозаветных книг по содержанию, историческими (каноническими) книгами считаются в них книги Иисуса Навина, Судей, Руфь, четыре книги Царств, две Паралипоменон, 1-я книга Ездры, Неемии и Есфирь. Подобное исчисление встречается уже в 85-м апостольском правиле 1, четвертом огласительном поучении Кирилла Иерусалимского, Синайском списке перевода LXX и отчасти в 60-м правиле Лаодикийского собора 350 г.: Есфирь поставлена в нем между книгами Руфь и Царств 2. Равным образом и термин «исторические книги» известен из того же четвертого огласительного поучения Кирилла Иерусалимского и сочинения Григория Богослова «О том, какие подобает чести кн. Ветхого и Нового Завета» (книга Правил, с. 372–373). У названных отцов церкви он имеет, впрочем, несколько иной, чем теперь, смысл: название «исторические книги» дается ими не только «историческим книгам» греко-славянского и латинского перевода, но и всему Пятикнижию. «Исторических книг древнейших еврейских премудростей, – говорит Григорий Богослов, – двенадцать. Первая – Бытие, потом Исход, Левит, потом Числа, Второзаконие, потом Иисус и Судии, восьмая Руфь. Девятая и десятая книги – Деяния Царств, Паралипоменон и последнею имееши Ездру». «Читай, – отвечает Кирилл Иерусалимский, – божественных писаний Ветхого завета 22 книги, переведенных LXX толковниками, и не смешивай их с апокрифами… Это двадцать две книги суть: закона Моисеева первые пять книг: Бытие, Исход, Левит, Числа, Второзаконие. Затем Иисуса сына Навина, Судей с Руфью составляют одну седьмую книгу. Прочих исторических книг первая и вторая Царств, у евреев составляющая одну книгу, также третья и четвертая, составляющие одну же книгу. Подобно этому, у них и Паралипоменон первая и вторая считаются за одну книгу, и Ездры первая и вторая (по нашему Неемии) считаются за одну книгу. Двенадцатая книга – Есфирь. Таковы исторические книги».

Что касается еврейской Библии, то ей чужд как самый раздел «исторических книг», так и греко-славянское и латинское их распределение. Книги Иисуса Навина, Судей и четыре книги Царств причисляются в ней к «пророкам», а Руфь, две книги Паралипоменон, Ездры – Неемии и Есфирь – к разделу «кегубим» – священным писаниям. Первые, т. е. кн. Иисуса Навина, Судей и Царств занимают начальное место среди пророческих, Руфь – пятое, Есфирь – восьмое и Ездры, Неемии и Паралипоменон – последние места среди «писаний». Гораздо ближе к делению LXX стоит распорядок книг у Иосифа Флавия. Его слова: «От смерти Моисея до правления Артаксеркса пророки после Моисея записали в 13 книгах совершившееся при них» (Против Аппиона, I, 8), дают понять, что он считал кн. Иисуса Навина – Есфирь книгами характера исторического. Того же взгляда держался, по-видимому, и Иисус сын Сирахов, В разделе «писаний» он различает «премудрые словеса́... и... повести» (Сир 44.3–5), т. е. учительные и исторические книги. Последними же могли быть только Руфь, Паралипоменон, Ездры, Неемии и Есфирь. Принятое в еврейской Библии включение их в раздел «писаний» объясняется отчасти тем, что авторам некоторых из них, например Ездры – Неемии, не было усвоено в еврейском богословии наименования «пророк», отчасти их характером, в них виден историк учитель и проповедник. Сообразно с этим весь третий раздел и называется в некоторых талмудических трактатах «премудростью».

Относя одну часть наших исторических книг к разделу пророков, «узнавших по вдохновенно от Бога раннейшее, а о бывшем при них писавших с мудростью» (Иосиф Флавий. Против Аппиона I, 7), и другую – к «писаниям», каковое название дается всему составу ветхозаветных канонических книг, иудейская церковь тем самым признала их за произведения богодухновенные. Вполне определенно и ясно высказан этот взгляд в словах Иосифа Флавия: «У иудеев не всякий человек может быть священным писателем, но только пророк, пишущий по Божественному вдохновенно, почему все священные еврейские книги (числом 22) справедливо могут быть названы Божественными» (Против Аппиона I, 8). Позднее, как видно из талмудического трактата Мегилла, поднимался спор о богодухновенности книг Руфь и Есфирь; но в результате его они признаны написанными Духом Святым. Одинакового с ветхозаветной церковью взгляда на богодухновенность исторических книг держится и церковь новозаветная (см. выше 85 Апостольское правило).

Согласно со своим названием, исторические книги налагают историю религиозно-нравственной и гражданской жизни народа еврейского, начиная с завоевания Ханаана при Иисусе Навине (1480–1442 г. до Р. X.) и кончая возвращением евреев из Вавилона во главе с Неемиею при Артаксерксе I (445 г. до Р. X.), на время правления которого падают также события, описанные в книге Есфирь. Имевшие место в течение данного периода факты излагаются в исторических книгах или вполне объективно, или же рассматриваются с теократической точки зрения. Последняя устанавливала, с одной стороны, строгое различие между должными и недолжными явлениями в области религии, а с другой, признавала полную зависимость жизни гражданской и политической от веры в истинного Бога. В зависимости от этого излагаемая при свете идеи теократии история народа еврейского представляет ряд нормальных и ненормальных религиозных явлений, сопровождавшихся то возвышением, подъемом политической жизни, то полным ее упадком. Подобная точка зрения свойственна преимущественно 3–4 кн. Царств, кн. Паралипоменон и некоторым частям кн. Ездры и Неемии (Неем 9.1). Обнимаемый историческими книгами тысячелетний период жизни народа еврейского распадается в зависимости от внутренней, причинной связи явлении на несколько отдельных эпох. Из них время Иисуса Навина, ознаменованное завоеванием Палестины, представляет переходный момент от жизни кочевой к оседлой. Первые шаги ее в период Судей (1442–1094) были не особенно удачны. Лишившись со смертью Иисуса Навина политического вождя, евреи распались на двенадцать самостоятельных республик, утративших сознание национального единства. Оно сменилось племенной рознью, и притом настолько сильною, что колена не принимают участие в обшей политической жизни страны, живут до того изолированно, замкнуто, что не желают помочь друг другу даже в дни несчастий (Суд.5.15–17, 6.35, 8.1). В таком же точно жалком состоянии находилась и религиозно-нравственная жизнь. Безнравственность сделалась настолько всеобщей, что прелюбодейное сожительство считалось обычным делом и как бы заменяло брак, а в некоторых городах развелись гнусные пороки времен Содома и Гоморры (Суд.19). Одновременно с этим была забыта истинная религия, – ее место заняли суеверия, распространяемые бродячими левитами (Суд.17). Отсутствие в период судей, сдерживающих начал в виде религии и постоянной светской власти, завершилось в конце концов полной разнузданностью: «каждый делал то, что ему казалось справедливым» (Суд.21.25). Но эти же отрицательные стороны и явления оказались благодетельными в том отношении, что подготовили установление царской власти; период судей оказался переходным временем к периоду царей. Племенная рознь и вызываемое ею бессилие говорили народу о необходимости постоянной, прочной власти, польза которой доказывалась деятельностью каждого судьи и особенно Самуила, успевшего объединить своей личностью всех израильтян (1Цар 7.15–17). И так как, с другой стороны, такой сдерживающей народ силой не могла быть религия, – он еще недоразвился до того, чтобы руководиться духовным началом, – то объединение могло исходить от земной власти, какова власть царская. И, действительно, воцарение Саула положило, хотя и не надолго, конец племенной розни евреев: по его призыву собираются на войну с Каасом Аммонитским «сыны Израилевы... и мужи Иудины» (1Цар 11.8). Скорее военачальник, чем правитель, Саул оправдал народное желание видеть в царе сильного властью полководца (1Цар 8.20), он одержал целый ряд побед над окрестными народами (1Цар 14.47–48) и как герой погиб в битве на горах Гелвуйских (1Цар 31). С его смертью во всей силе сказалась племенная рознь периода Судей: колено Иудово, стоявшее прежде одиноко от других, признало теперь своим царем Давида (2Цар 2.4), а остальные подчинились сыну Саула Иевосфею (2Цар 2.8–9). Через семь с половиной лет после этого власть над Иудою и Израилем перешла в руки Давида (2Цар 5.1–3), и целью его правления становится уничтожение племенной розни, при посредстве чего он рассчитывает удержать престол за собой и своим домом. Ее достижению способствуют и постоянные войны, как общенародное дело, они поддерживают сознание национального единства и отвлекают внимание от дел внутренней жизни, всегда могущих подать повод к раздорам, и целый ряд реформ, направленных к уравнению всех колен пред законом. Так, устройство постоянной армии, разделенной по числу колен на двенадцать частей, причем каждая несет ежемесячную службу в Иерусалиме (1Пар 27.1), уравнивает народ по отношению к военной службе. Превращение нейтрального города Иерусалима в религиозный и гражданский центр не возвышает никакое колено в религиозном и гражданском отношении. Назначение для всего народа одинаковых судей-левитов (1Пар 26.29–30) и сохранение за каждым коленом местного племенного самоуправления (1Пар 27.16–22) уравнивает всех пред судом. Поддерживая равенство колен и тем не давая повода к проявлению племенной розни, Давид остается в то же самое время в полном смысле самодержавным монархом. В его руках сосредоточивается власть военная и гражданская: первая через посредство подчиненного ему главнокомандующего армией Иоава (1Пар 27.34), вторая через посредство первосвященника Садока, начальника левитов-судей.

Правление сына и преемника Давидова Соломона обратило ни во что результат царствования его отца. Необыкновенная роскошь двора Соломона требовала громадных расходов и соответствующих налогов на народ. Его средства шли теперь не на общегосударственное дело, как при Давиде, а на удовлетворение личных нужд царя и его придворных. Одновременно с этим оказался извращенным правый суд времени Давида: исчезло равенство всех и каждого пред законом. На этой почве (3Цар 12.4) возникло народное недовольство, перешедшее затем в открытое возмущение (3Цар 11.26. Подавленное Соломоном, оно вновь заявило себя при Ровоаме (3Цар 12) и на этот раз разрешилось отделением от дома Давидова 10 колен (3Цар 12.20). Ближайшим поводом к нему служило недовольство Соломоном, наложившим на народ тяжелое иго (3Цар 12.4), и нежелание Ровоама облегчить его. Но судя по словам отделившихся колен: «нет нам доли в сыне Иессеевом» (3Цар 12.16), т. е. у нас нет с ним ничего общего; мы не принадлежим ему, как Иуда, по происхождению, причина разделения в той племенной, коленной розни, которая проходила через весь период Судей и на время стихает при Сауле, Давиде и Соломоне.

Разделением единого царства (980 г. до Р. Х.) на два – Иудейское и Израильское – было положено начало ослаблению могущества народа еврейского. Последствия этого рода сказались прежде всего в истории десятиколенного царства. Его силам наносят чувствительный удар войны с Иудою. Начатые Ровоамом (3Цар 12.21, 14.30; 2Пар 11.1, 12.15), они продолжаются при Авии, избившем 500 000 израильтян (2Пар 13.17) и отнявшем у Иеровоама целый ряд городов (2Пар 13.19), и на время заканчиваются при Асе, истребившем при помощи Венадада Сирийского население Аина, Дана, Авел-Беф-Моахи и всей земли Неффалимовой (3Цар 15.20). Обоюдный вред от этой почти 60-тилетней войны был сознан, наконец, в обоих государствах: Ахав и Иосафат вступают в союз, закрепляя его родством царствующих домов (2Пар 18.1), – женитьбою сына Иосафатова Иорама на дочери Ахава Гофолии (2Пар 21.6). Но не успели зажить нанесенные ею раны, как начинаются войны израильтян с сирийцами. С перерывами (3Цар 22.1) и переменным счастьем они проходят через царствование Ахава (3Цар 20), Иорама (4Цар 8.16–28), Ииуя (4Цар 10.5–36), Иоахаза (4Цар 13.1–9) и Иоаса (4Цар 13.10–13) и настолько ослабляют военную силу израильтян, что у Иохаза остается только 50 всадников, 10 колесниц и 10 000 пехоты (4Цар 13.7). Все остальное, как прах, развеял Азаил Сирийский, (Ibid: ср. 4Цар 8.12). Одновременно с сирийцами израильтяне ведут при Иоасе войну с иудеями (4Цар 14.9–14, 2Пар 25.17–24) и при Иеровоаме II возвращают, конечно, не без потерь в людях, пределы своих прежних владений от края Емафского до моря пустыни (4Цар 14.25). Обессиленные целым рядом этих войн, израильтяне оказываются, наконец, не в силах выдержать натиск своих последних врагов – ассириян, положивших конец существованию десятиколенного царства. В качестве самостоятельного государства десятиколенное царство просуществовало 259 лет (960–721). Оно пало, истощив свои силы в целом ряде непрерывных войн. В ином свете представляется за это время состояние двухколенного царства. Оно не только не слабеет, но скорее усиливается. Действительно, в начале своего существования двухколенное царство располагало лишь 120 000 или по счислению александрийского списка 180 000 воинов и потому, естественно, не могло отразить нашествия египетского фараона Сусакима. Он взял укрепленные города Иудеи, разграбил самый Иерусалим и сделал иудеев своими данниками (2Пар 12.4, 8–9). Впоследствии же число вооруженных и способных к войне было увеличено теми недовольными религиозной реформой Иеровоама I израильтянами (не считая левитов), которые перешли на сторону Ровоама, укрепили и поддерживали его царство (2Пар 11.17). Сравнительно благоприятно отозвались на двухколенном царстве и его войны с десятиколенным. По крайней мере, Авия отнимает у Иеровоама Вефиль, Иешон и Ефрон с зависящими от них городами (2Пар 13.19), а его преемник Аса в состоянии выставить против Зарая Эфиоплянина 580 000 воинов (2Пар 14.8). Относительная слабость двухколенного царства сказывается лишь в том, что тот же Аса не может один вести войну с Ваасою и приглашает на помощь Венадада сирийского (3Цар 15.18–19). При сыне и преемнике Асы Иосафате двухколенное царство крепнет еще более. Не увлекаясь жаждой завоеваний, он посвящает свою деятельность упорядочению внутренней жизни государства, предпринимает попытку исправить религиозно-нравственную жизнь народа, заботится о его просвещении (2Пар 17.7–10), об урегулировании суда и судебных учреждений (2Пар 19.5–11), строит новые крепости (2Пар 17.12) и т. п. Проведение в жизнь этих предначертаний требовало, конечно, мира с соседями. Из них филистимляне и идумеяне усмиряются силой оружия (2Пар 17.10–11), а с десятиколенным царством заключается политический и родственный союз (2Пар 18.1). Необходимый для Иосафата, как средство к выполнению вышеуказанных реформ, этот последний сделался с течением времени источником бедствий и несчастий для двухколенного царства. По представлению автора Паралипоменон (2Пар 21), они выразились в отложении Иудеи при Иораме покоренной Иосафатом Идумеи (2Пар.21.10), в счастливом набеге на Иудею и самый Иерусалим филистимлян и аравийских племен (2Пар.21.16–17), в возмущении жителей священнического города Ливны (2Пар.21.10) и в бесполезной войне с сирийцами (2Пар 22.5). Сказавшееся в этих фактах (см. еще 2Пар 21.2–4, 22.10) разложение двухколенного царства было остановлено деятельностью первосвященника Иоддая, воспитателя сына Охозии Иоаса, но с его смертью сказалось с новой силой. Не успевшее окрепнуть от бедствий и неурядиц прошлых царствований, оно подвергается теперь нападению соседей. Именно филистимляне захватывают в плен иудеев и ведут ими торговлю как рабами (Иоиль 3.6, Ам 1.9); идумеяне делают частые вторжения в пределы Иудеи и жестоко распоряжаются с пленниками (Ам 1.6, Иоиль 3.19); наконец, Азаил сирийский, отняв Геф, переносит оружие на самый Иерусалим, и снова царство Иудейское покупает себе свободу дорогой ценой сокровищ царского дома и храма (4Цар 12.18). Правлением сына Иоаса Амасии кончается время бедствий (несчастная война с десятиколенным царством – 4Цар 14.9–14,, 2Пар 25.17–24 и вторжение идумеев – Ам 9.12), а при его преемниках Озии прокаженном и Иоафаме двухколенное царство возвращает славу времен Давида и Соломона. Первый подчиняет на юге идумеев и овладевает гаванью Елафом, на западе сокрушает силу филистимлян, а на востоке ему платят дань аммонитяне (2Пар 26.6–8). Могущество Озии было настолько значительно, что, по свидетельству клинообразных надписей, он выдержал натиск Феглафелассара III. Обеспеченное извне двухколенное царство широко и свободно развивало теперь и свое внутреннее экономическое благосостояние, причем сам царь был первым и ревностным покровителем народного хозяйства (2Пар 26.10). С развитием внутреннего благосостояния широко развилась также торговля, послужившая источником народного обогащения (Ис 2.7). Славному предшественнику последовал не менее славный и достойный преемник Иоафам. За время их правления Иудейское царство как бы собирается с силами для предстоящей борьбы с ассириянами. Неизбежность последней становится ясной уже при Ахазе, пригласившем Феглафелассара для защиты от нападения Рецина, Факея, идумеян и филистимлян (2Пар 28.5–18). По выражению Вигуру, он, сам того не замечая, просил волка, чтобы тот поглотил его стадо, (Die Bibel und die neueren Entdeckungen. S. 98). И действительно, Феглафелассар освободил Ахаза от врагов, но в то же время наложил на него дань ((2Пар 28.21). Неизвестно, как бы сказалась зависимость от Ассирии на дальнейшей истории двухколенного царства, если бы не падение Самарии и отказ преемника Ахаза Езекии платить ассириянам дань и переход его, вопреки совету пророка Исаии, на сторону египтян (Ис 30.7, 15, 31.1–3). Первое событие лишало Иудейское царство последнего прикрытия со стороны Ассирии; теперь доступ в его пределы открыт, и путь к границам проложен. Второе окончательно предрешило судьбу Иудеи. Союз с Египтом, перешедший с течением времени в вассальную зависимость, заставил ее принять участие сперва в борьбе с Ассирией, а потом с Вавилоном. Из первой она вышла обессиленной, а вторая привела ее к окончательной гибели. В качестве союзницы Египта, с которым вели при Езекии борьбу Ассирияне, Иудея подверглась нашествию Сеннахерима. По свидетельству оставленной им надписи, он завоевал 46 городов, захватил множество припасов и военных материалов и отвел в плен 200 150 человек (Schrader jbid S. 302–4; 298). Кроме того, им была наложена на Иудею громадная дань (4Цар 18.14–16). Союз с Египтом и надежда на его помощь не принесли двухколенному царству пользы. И, тем не менее, преемник Езекии Манассия остается сторонником египтян. Как таковой, он во время похода Ассаргадона против Египта делается его данником, заковывается в оковы и отправляется в Вавилон (2Пар 33.11). Начавшееся при преемнике Ассаргадона Ассурбанипале ослабление Ассирии сделало для Иудеи ненужным союз с Египтом. Мало этого, современник данного события Иосия пытается остановить завоевательные стремления фараона египетского Нехао (2Пар 35.20), но погибает в битве при Мегиддоне (2Пар 35.23). С его смертью Иудея становится в вассальную зависимость от Египта (4Цар 23.33, 2Пар 36.1–4), а последнее обстоятельство вовлекает ее в борьбу с Вавилоном. Стремление Нехао утвердиться, пользуясь падением Ниневии, в приефратских областях встретило отпор со стороны сына Набополассара Навуходоноора. В 605 г. до Р. X. Нехао был разбит им в битве при Кархемыше. Через четыре года после этого Навуходоносор уже сам предпринял поход против Египта и в целях обезопасить себе тыл подчинил своей власти подвластных ему царей, в том числе и Иоакима иудейского (4Цар 24.1, 2Пар 36.5). От Египта Иудея перешла в руки вавилонян и под условием верности их могла бы сохранить свое существование. Но ее сгубила надежда на тот же Египет. Уверенный в его помощи, второй преемник Иоакима Седекия (Иер 37.5, Иез 17.15) отложился от Навуходоносора (4Цар 24.20, 2Пар 36.13), навлек нашествие вавилонян (4Цар 25.1, 2Пар 36.17) и, не получив поддержки от египетского фараона Офры (Иер 37.7), погиб сам и погубил страну.

Если международные отношения Иудеи сводятся к непрерывным войнам, то внутренняя жизнь характеризуется борьбой с язычеством. Длившаяся на протяжении всей истории двухколенного царства, она не доставила торжества истинной религии. Языческим начало оно свое существование при Ровоаме (3Цар 14.22–24, 2Пар 11.13–17), языческим и кончило свою политическую жизнь (4Цар 24.19, 2Пар 36.12). Причины подобного явления заключались прежде всего в том, что борьба с язычеством велась чисто внешними средствами, сводилась к одному истреблению памятников язычества. Единственное исключение в данном отношении представляет деятельность Иосафата, Иосии и отчасти Езекии. Первый составляет особую комиссию из князей, священников и левитов, поручает ей проходить по всем городам иудиным и учить народ (2Пар 17.7–10); второй предпринимает публичное чтение закона (4Цар 23.1–2, 2Пар 34.30) и третий устраивает торжественное празднование Пасхи (2Пар 30.26). Остальные же цари ограничиваются уничтожением идолов, вырубанием священных дубрав и т. п. И если даже деятельность Иосафата не принесла существенной пользы: «народ еще не обратил твердо сердца своего к Богу отцов своих» (2Пар 20.33), то само собой понятно, что одни внешние меры не могли уничтожить языческой настроенности народа, тяготения его сердца и ума к богам окрестных народов. Поэтому, как только умирал царь гонитель язычества, язычествующая нация восстановляла разрушенное и воздвигала новые капища для своих кумиров; ревнителям религии Иеговы вновь приходилось начинать дело своих благочестивых предшественников (2Пар 14.3, 15.8, 17.6 и т. п.). Благодаря подобным обстоятельствам, религия Иеговы и язычество оказывались далеко неравными силами. На стороне последнего было сочувствие народа; оно усвоялось евреем как бы с молоком матери, от юности входило в его плоть и кровь; первая имела за себя царей и насильно навязывалась ими нации. Неудивительно поэтому, что она не только была для нее совершенно чуждой, но и казалась прямо враждебной. Репрессивные меры только поддерживали данное чувство, сплачивали язычествующую массу, не приводили к покорности, а, наоборот, вызывали на борьбу с законом Иеговы. Таков, между прочим, результат реформ Езекии и Иоссии. При преемнике первого Манассии «пролилась невинная кровь, и Иерусалим... наполнился ею... от края до края» (4Цар 21.16), т. е. началось избиение служителей Иеговы усилившеюся языческой партией. Равным образом и реформа Иосии, проведенная с редкою решительностью, помогла сосредоточению сил язычников, и в начавшейся затем борьбе со сторонниками религии они подорвали все основы теократии, между прочим, пророчество и священство, в целях ослабления первого язычествующая партия избрала и выдвинула ложных пророков, обещавших мир и уверявших, что никакое зло не постигнет государство (Иер 23.6). Подорвано было ею и священство: оно выставило лишь одних недостойных представителей (Иер 23.3). Реформа Иосии была последним актом вековой борьбы благочестия с язычеством. После нее уж не было больше и попыток к поддержанию истинной религии; и в плен Вавилонский евреи пошли настоящими язычниками.

Плен Вавилонский, лишив евреев политической самостоятельности, произвел на них отрезвляющее действие в религиозном отношении. Его современники воочию убедились в истинности пророческих угроз и увещаний, – в справедливости того положения, что вся жизнь Израиля зависит от Бога, от верности Его закону. Как прямой и непосредственный результат подобного сознания, возникает желание возврата к древним и вечным истинам и силам, которые некогда создали общество, во все времена давали спасение и, хотя часто забывались и пренебрегались, однако всегда признавались могущими дать спасение. На этот-то путь и вступила прибывшая в Иудею община. В качестве подготовительного условия для проведения в жизнь религии Иеговы ею было выполнено требование закона Моисеева о полном и всецелом отделении евреев от окрестных народов (расторжение смешанных браков при Ездре и Неемии). В основу дальнейшей жизни и истории теперь полагается принцип обособления, изолированности.


* * *


1 «Для всех вас, принадлежащих к клиру и мирянам, чтимыми и святыми да будут книги Ветхого Завета: Моисеевых пять (Бытие, Исход, Левит, Числа, Второзаконие), Иисуса Навина едина, Судей едина, Руфь едина, Царств четыре, Паралипоменон две, Ездры две, Есфирь едина».

2 «Читать подобает книги Ветхого Завета: Бытие мира, Исход из Египта, Левит, Числа, Второзаконие, Иисуса Навина, Судии и Руфь, Есфирь, Царств первая и вторая, Царств третья и четвертая, Паралипоменон первая и вторая, Ездры первая и вторая».

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18:6 Или: треугольниками; перевод предположителен.


18:10 Букв.: пророчествовал.


18:13 Букв.: выходил и входил перед народом / ними; то же в ст. 16.


18:14 Или: был разумен; то же в ст. 15.


18:18 Или: моя родня.


18:27 Перевод по LXX; в масоретском тексте: двести; ср. 2 Цар 3:14.


18:29 Букв.: стал врагом Давида во все дни.


19:7 Букв.: вчера и позавчера.


19:14 Букв.: он.


19:20 а) Или: пребывавших в исступлении.


19:20 б) Или: впали в исступление; то же в ст. 21 и 23.


20:3 Букв.: жив Господь и жив ты сам - клятвенная формула.


20:17 а) Букв.: его любовью к нему.


20:17 б) Или: как собственную душу.


20:25 Так можно понять LXX, масоретский текст: встал.


20:29 Букв.: брат велел.


20:34 Или: и потому что отец унизил его.


21:5 Или: тела, букв.: сосуды.


21:7 Букв.: которого задержали пред Господом.


22:1 Букв.: оттуда.


22:14 Так в LXX; масоретский текст: поворачивает стражу.


22:17 Букв.: повернитесь; то же в ст. 18.


23:22 Букв.: кто видел его?


23:23 Букв.: среди тысяч.


23:28 Евр. села-хаммахлекот.


24:12 Букв.: Господь.


24:13 Или: нечестивые плодят нечестие.


25:2 См. примеч. к 15:12.


25:8 а) Букв.: юношам / слугам.


25:8 б) Или: в праздничный день.


25:18 В каждой мере около 7 л, т.е. около 35 л зерна.


25:22 а) Так в LXX; масоретский текст: с врагами Давида. В Пешитте: со слугами Давида.


25:22 б) Букв.: мочащийся к стене.


25:25 Игра слов: слово «безумие» (др.-евр. невала) созвучно с именем Навал.


25:26 Букв.: жив Господь и жив ты сам.


25:27 Букв.: благословение.


26:15 Букв.: один из народа приходил.


26:16 Букв.: ваших господ.


27:1 Букв.: в сердце своем; или: подумал Давид.


27:2 Или: и поднялся Давид…


27:5 Букв.: в царском городе.


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