1  The affliction of Hannah, Sa1 1:1-8.
Her prayer to God, with Eli's blessing, Sa1 1:9-18.
The birth and nursing of Samuel, Sa1 1:19-23.
The presenting of him to God, Sa1 1:24-28.

1:1 Ramathaim - zophim - Called Ramah, ver. Sa1 1:19.Eparathite - That is, one of Bethlehem - judah, by his birth and habitation, though by his original a Levite.

1:2 Two wives - As many had in those ages, tho' it was a transgression of the original institution of marriage. And it is probable that he took his second wife, namely, Peninnah, because Hannah was barren.

1:3 Yearly - At the three solemn feasts, when he, together with all other males were obliged to go to worship God in the place appointed; and at other times, when he as a Levite, was to go thither in his course.To sacrifice - Not in his own person, which the Levites could not do, but by the priests. Were there - Or, were the priests of the Lord there, under their father Eli, who is generally conceived to have been the high - priest, but being very old and infirm, his sons ministered in his stead. This is the first time in scripture, that God is called the Lord of hosts or Armies. Probably Samuel was the first who used this title of God, for the comfort of Israel, at the time when their armies were few and feeble, and those of their enemies many and mighty.

1:4 Portions - Out of the sacrifice of his peace - offerings, the greatest part whereof fell to the offerer, and was eaten by him, and his friends or guests, before the Lord. And out of this he gave them all portions, as the master of the feast used to do to the guests.

1:5 Shut up her womb - Yet Elkanah did not withdraw his love from her. To abate out just love to any relation, for the sake of any infirmity which they cannot help, is to add affliction to the afflicted.

1:6 Her adversary - Peninnah: so her envy or jealousy made her though so nearly related.

1:7 When she went - This circumstance is noted as the occasion of the contention, because at such times they were forced to more society with one another, by the way, and in their lodgings; whereas at home they had distinct apartments, where they might be asunder; and then her husband's extraordinary love and kindness was shewed to Hannah, whereby Peninnah was the more exasperated; then also Hannah prayed earnestly for a child, which hitherto she had done in vain; and this possibly she reproached her with. Did not eat - Being overwhelmed with grief, and therefore unfit to eat of the sacred food. Which they were not to eat in their mourning.

1:8 Ten sons - Oughtest thou not to value my hearty love to thee, more than the having of as many sons as Penninah hath? She would willingly change conditions with thee.

1:9 A seat - Or, throne; for it is manifest it was raised higher than ordinary, chap.Sa1 4:18. Here he might sit, either as the judge; or rather as high - priest, to hear and answer such as came to him for advice, and to inspect and direct the worship of God. Temple - That is, of the tabernacle, which is frequently so called.

1:10 Bitterness - That is, oppressed with grief. Prayed unto the Lord - They had newly offered their peace - offerings, to obtain the favour of God, and in token of their communion with him, they had feasted upon the sacrifice: and now it was proper to put up her prayer, in virtue of the sacrifice. For the peace - offerings typified Christ's mediation, as well as the sin - offerings: since by this not only atonement is made for sin, but an answer to our prayers obtained.

1:11 Give him - That is, consecrate him to God's service in his temple.No razor - That is, he shall be a perpetual Nazarite.

1:12 Continued - Heb. multiplied to pray. By which it appears that she said much more than is here expressed. And the like you are to judge of the prayers and sermons of other holy persons recorded in scripture, which gives us only the sum and substance of them. This consideration may help us much to understand some passages of the bible.

1:13 Drunken - Because of the multitude of her words, and those motions of her face and body, which the vehemency of her passion, and the fervency in prayer occasioned.

1:16 Count not, etc - Thus when we are unjustly censured, we should endeavour not only to clear ourselves, but to satisfy our brethren, by giving them a just and true account of that which they misapprehended.

1:18 Find grace - That favourable opinion and gracious prayer which thou hast expressed on my behalf, be pleased to continue towards me.Sad - Her heart being cheared by the priest's comfortable words, and especially by God's spirit setting them home upon her, and assuring her that both his and her prayers should be heard, it quickly appeared in her countenance.

1:19 Remembered - Manifested his remembrance of her by the effect.

1:20 Samuel - That is, Asked of God.

1:21 His house - Hannah only and her child excepted.His vow - By which it appears, though it was not expressed before, that he heard and consented to her vow, and that he added a vow of his own, if God answered his prayers.

1:22 Weaned - Not only from the breast, but also from the mother's knee and care, and from childish food; 'till the child be something grown up, and fit to do some service in the tabernacle: for it seems that as soon as he was brought up he worshipped God, ver. Sa1 1:28, and presently after ministered to Eli, chap.Sa1 2:11.

1:23 His word - His matter or thing; the business concerning the child, what thou hast vowed concerning him, that be may grow up, and be accepted and employed by God in his Service.

1:24 Three bullocks - One for a burnt - offering, the second for a sin - offering, and the third for a peace offering; all these sorts being expedient for this work and time. Flour - For the meal - offerings belonging to the principal sacrifices, which to each bullock were three tenth - deals, or three tenth parts of an ephah, and so nine parts of the ephah were spent, and the tenth part was given to the priest.Wine - For drink - offerings.

1:25 A bullock - The three bullocks mentioned ver. Sa1 1:24, the singular number being put for the plural, which is frequent.

1:26 Soul liveth - As surely as thou livest. Which asseveration seems necessary, because this was some years after it.

1:28 Lent him - But not with a purpose to require him again.Whatever we give to God, may upon this account be said to be lent to him, that tho' we may not recall it, yet he will certainly repay it, to our unspeakable advantage. He worshipped - Not Eli, but young Samuel, who is spoken of in this and the foregoing verse, and who was capable of worshipping God in some sort, at least with external adoration.

2  Hannah's song of thanksgiving, Sa1 2:1-10.
Elkanah leaves Samuel to minister before the Lord, Sa1 2:11.
The wickedness of Eli's sons, Sa1 2:12-17.
A farther account of Samuel and his parents, Sa1 2:18-21.
Eli's too mild reproof of his sons, Sa1 2:22-25.
Samuel's growth, Sa1 2:26.
God's dreadful message to Eli, Sa1 2:27-36.

2:1 Prayed - That is, praised God; which is a part of prayer.Rejoiceth - Or, leapeth for joy: for the words note not only inward joy, but also the outward demonstrations of it. In the Lord - As the author of my joy, that he hath heard my prayer, and accepted my son for his service. Horn - My strength and glory (which are often signified by an horn,) are advanced and manifested to my vindication, and the confusion of mine enemies. Mouth enlarged - That is, opened wide to pour forth abundant praises to God, and to give a full answer to all the reproaches of mine adversaries. Enemies - So she manifests her prudence and modesty, in not naming Peninnah, but only her enemies in the general.Salvation - Because the matter of my joy is no trivial thing, but that strange and glorious salvation or deliverance which thou hast given me from my oppressing care and grief, and from the insolencies and reproaches of mine enemies.

2:2 None holy - None so perfectly, unchangeably and constantly holy.None beside - Not only none is so holy as thou art, but in truth there is none holy besides thee; namely, entirely, or independently, but only by participation from thee. Any rock - Thou only art a sure defence and refuge to all that flee to thee.

2:3 Talk no more - Thou Peninnah, boast no more of thy numerous off - spring, and speak no more insolently and scornfully of me. She speaks of her in the plural number, because she would not expose her name to censure. Of knowledge - He knoweth thy heart, and all that pride, and envy, and contempt of me, which thy own conscience knows; and all thy perverse carriage towards me. Actions - That is, he trieth all mens thoughts and actions, (for the Hebrew word signifies both) as a just judge, to give to every one according to their works.

2:4 Bows - The strength of which they boasted. Stumbled - Or, were weak, or feeble, in body and spirit.

2:5 Hired themselves out for bread - It is the same thing which is expressed both in divers metaphors in the foregoing, and following verses.Ceased - That is, ceased to be hungry. Seven - That is, many, as seven is often used. She speaks in the prophetick style, the past time, for the future; for though she had actually born but one, yet she had a confident persuasion that she should have more, which was grounded either upon some particular assurance from God; or rather upon the prayer or prediction of Eli. She - That is, Peninnah. Feeble - Either because she was now past child - bearing: or, because divers of her children, which were her strength and her glory, were dead, as the Hebrew doctors relate.

2:6 Killeth - The same person whom he first killeth, or bringeth nigh unto death, he afterwards raiseth to life. Me, who was almost consumed with grief, he hath revived. The name of death both in sacred scripture, and profane writers, is often given to great Calamities.

2:8 From the dunghill - From the most sordid place, and mean estate.Inherit - Not only possess it themselves, but transmit it to their posterity. Throne - That is, a glorious throne or kingdom.Pillars - The foundations of the earth, which God created, and upholds, and wherewith he sustains the earth, and all its inhabitants, as a house is supported with pillars; and therefore it is not strange if he disposeth of persons and things therein as he pleaseth.

2:9 Feet - That is, the steps or paths, their counsels and actions; he will keep; that is, both uphold, that they may not fall into ruin; and direct and preserve from wandering, and from those fatal errors that wicked men daily run into. Silent - Shall be put to silence: they who used to open their mouths wide against heaven, and against the saints, shall be so confounded with the unexpected disappointment of all their hopes, and with God's glorious appearance and operations for his people, that they shall have their mouths quite stopped. Darkness - Both inward, in their own minds, not knowing what to say or do; and outward, in a stat e of deep distress. Prevail - Namely, against God, or against his saints, as the wicked were confident they should do, because of their great power, and wealth, and numbers.

2:10 Exalt - Increase, or advance the strength.Of his anointed - Of his king. This may respect Christ, the singular anointed one of God, and the special king of his people. In this sense also, the Lord shall judge the ends of the earth: David's victories and dominions reached far. But God will give to the Son of David, the uttermost parts of the earth for his possession. And he will give strength unto his king, for the accomplishing his great undertaking, and exalt the horn, of the power and honour of his anointed, till he hath put all his enemies under his feet.

2:11 Minster - In some way agreeable to his tender years, as in singing, or playing upon instruments of musick, or lighting the lamps.Before Eli the priest - That is, under the inspection, and by the direction of Eli.

2:12 Knew not - They did not honour, love, or serve God.

2:13 Boiling - As the Lord's part of the peace - offerings was burnt upon the altar, so the priest's and offerer's parts were to be boiled.

2:14 Took - Not contented with the breast and shoulder which were allotted them by God, they took also part of the offerer's share; besides which they snatched their part before it was heaved and waved; contrary to Lev 7:34.

2:15 The fat - And the other parts to be burnt with it. So this was all additional injury; for they took such parts as they best liked whilst it was raw.

2:17 Abhorred - But we know the validity and efficacy of the sacraments does not depend on the goodness of those that administer them.It was therefore folly and sin in the people, to think the worse of God's institutions. But it was the much greater sin of the priests, that gave them occasion so to do.

2:18 Ministered - That is, performed his ministration carefully and faithfully. Before the Lord - In God's tabernacle. Ephod - A garment used in God's service, and allowed not only to the inferior priests and Levites but also to eminent persons of the people, and therefore to Samuel, who, though no Levite, was a Nazarite, from his birth.

2:21 Grew - Not only in age and stature; but especially in wisdom and goodness. Before the Lord - Not only before men, who might he deceived, but in the presence and judgment of the all - seeing God.

2:22 Very old - And therefore unfit either to manage his office himself, or to make a diligent inspection into the carriage of his sons, which gave them opportunity for their wickedness. To Israel - Whom they injured in their offerings, and alienated from the service of God.The door - The place where all the people both men and women waited when they came up to the service of God, because the altar on which their sacrifices was offered, was by the door.

2:23 He said, etc - Eli's sin was not only that he reproved them too gently, but that he contented himself with a verbal rebuke, and did not restrain them, and inflict those punishments upon them which such high crimes deserved by God's law, and which he as judge and high - priest ought to have done, without respect of persons.

2:25 The judge - If only man be wronged, man can right it, and reconcile the persons. Against the Lord - As you have done wilfully and presumptuously. Who shall, etc - The offence is of so high a nature, that few or none will dare to intercede for him, but will leave him to the just judgment of God. The words may be rendered, Who shall judge for him? Who shall interpose as umpire, between God and him? Who shall compound that difference? None can or dare do it, and therefore he must be left to the dreadful, but righteous judgment of God. They had now sinned away their day of grace. They had long hardened their hearts. And God at length gave them up to a reprobate mind, and determined to destroy them, Ch2 25:16.

2:27 Man of God - That is, a prophet sent from God.

2:29 Kick ye - Using them irreverently, and profanely; both by abusing them to your own luxury, and by causing the people to abhor them.He chargeth Eli with his sons faults. Honourest thy sons - Permitting them to dishonour and injure me, by taking my part to themselves; chusing rather to offend me by thy connivance at their sin, than to displease them by severe rebukes, and just punishments. Fat - To pamper yourselves.This you did not out of necessity, but out of mere luxury. Chiefest - Not contented with those parts which I had allotted you, you invaded those choice parts which I reserved for myself.

2:30 I said - Where, or when did God say this? To Eli himself, or to his father, when the priesthood was translated from Eleazar's to Ithamar's family. Walk - That is, minister unto me as high - priest.Walking is often put for discharging ones office; before me; may signify that he was the high - priest, whose sole prerogative it was to minister before God, or before the ark, in the most holy place.For ever - As long as the Mosaical law and worship lasts.Far from me - To fulfil my promise, which I hereby retract.

2:31 Arm - That is, I will take away thy strength, or all that in which thou placest thy confidence, either,

1. the ark, which is called God's strength, Psa 78:61, and was Eli's strength, who therefore was not able to bear the very tidings of the loss of it. Or,
2. his priestly dignity or employment, whence he had all his honour and substance. Or rather,
3. his children, to whom the words following here, and in the succeeding verses, seem to confine it.Father's house - That is, thy children's children, and all thy family which was in great measure accomplished, Sa1 22:16, etc

2:32 Shalt see, etc - The words may be rendered; thou shalt see, in thy own person, the affliction, or calamity of my habitation; that is, either of the land of Israel, wherein I dwell; or of the sanctuary, called the habitation by way of eminency, whose greatest glory the ark was, Sa1 4:21-22, and consequently, whose greatest calamity the loss of the ark was; for, or instead of all that good wherewith God would have blessed Israel, having raised up a young prophet Samuel, and thereby given good grounds of hope that he intended to bless Israel, if thou and thy sons had not hindered it by your sins.So this clause of the threatning concerns Eli's person, as the following concerns his posterity. And this best agrees with the most proper signification of that phrase, Thou shalt see.

2:33 Of thine - That is, of thy posterity. Shalt grieve - Shall be so forlorn and miserable, that if thou wast alive to see it, it would grieve thee at the heart, and thou wouldst consume thine eyes with weeping for their calamities. Increase - That is, thy children. Flower - About the thirtieth year of their age, when they were to be admitted to the full administration of their office.

2:35 Raise a priest - Of another line, as it necessarily implied by the total removal of that office from Eli's line. The person designed is Zadok, one eminent for his faithfulness to God, and to the king, who, when Abiather, the last of Eli's line, was deposed by Solomon, was made high - priest in his stead. Build, etc - That is, give him a numerous posterity, and confirm that sure covenant of an everlasting priesthood made to Phinehas, of Eleazar's line, Num 25:13, and interrupted for a little while by Eli, of the line of Ithamar, unto him and his children for ever. Anointed - Before Jesus Christ, who is the main scope and design, not only of the New, but of the Old Testament, which in all its types and ceremonies represented him; and particularly, the high - priest was an eminent type of Christ, and represented his person, and acted in his name and stead, and did mediately, what John Baptist did immediately, go before the face of the Lord Christ; and when Christ came, that office and officer was to cease. The high - priest is seldom or never said to walk or minister before the kings of Israel or Judah, but constantly before the Lord, and consequently, before Christ, who, as he was God blessed for ever, Rom 9:5, was present with, and the builder and governor of the ancientchurch of Israel, and therefore the high - priest is most properly said to walk before him.

3  God's first manifestation of himself to Samuel, Sa1 3:1-10.
God's message to Eli, Sa1 3:11-14.
His faithful delivery of that message, and Eli's submission to God, Sa1 3:15-18.
The establishment of Samuel to be a prophet, Sa1 3:19-21.

3:1 Before Eli - That is, under his inspection and direction.Word - The word of prophecy, or the revelation of God's will to and by the prophets. Precious - Rare or scarce, such things being most precious in mens' esteem, whereas common things are generally despised.Open vision - God did not impart his Mind by way of vision or revelation openly, or to any public person, to whom others might resort for satisfaction, though he might privately reveal himself to some pious persons for their particular direction. This is premised, as a reason why Samuel understood not, when God called him once or twice.

3:2 His place - In the court of the tabernacle.

3:3 Went out - Before the lights of the golden candlestick were put out in the morning.

3:7 Did not know - He was not acquainted with God in that extraordinary or prophetical way. And this ignorance of Samuel's served God's design, that his simplicity might give Eli the better assurance of the truth of God's call, and message to Samuel.

3:10 Came and stood - Before, he spake to him at a distance, even from the holy oracle between the cherubim: but now, to prevent all farther mistake, the voice came near to him, as if the person speaking had been standing near him.

3:12 In that day - In that time which I have appointed for this work, which was about twenty or thirty years after this threatning. So long space of repentance God allows to this wicked generation.When I begin, etc - Tho' this vengeance shall be delayed for a season, to manifest my patience, and incite them to repentance; yet when once I begin to inflict, I shall not desist 'till I have made a full end.

3:13 Restrained them not - He contented himself with a cold reproof, and did not punish, and effectually restrain them. They who can, and do not restrain others from sin, make themselves partakers of the guilt. Those in authority will have a great deal to answer for, if the sword they bear be not a terror to evil - doers.

3:14 Have sworn - Or, I do swear: the past tense being commonly put for the present in the Hebrew tongue.Unto - Or, concerning it. Purged - That is, the punishment threatened against Eli and his family, shall not he prevented by all their sacrifices, but shall infallibly be executed.

3:15 Doors - Altho' the tabernacle, whilst it was to be removed from place to place in the wilderness, had no doors, but consisted only of curtains, and had hangings before the entrance, instead of doors; yet when it was settled in one place, as now it was in Shiloh, it was enclosed within some solid building, which had doors and posts, and other parts belonging to it. Feared - The matter of the vision or revelation, partly from the reverence he bore to his person, to whom he was loth to be a messenger of such sad tidings; partly, lest if he had been hasty to utter it, Eli might think him guilty of arrogancy or secret complacency in his calamity.

3:17 God do so, etc - God inflict the same evils upon thee, which I suspect he hath pronounced against me, and greater evils too.

3:18 It is the Lord - This severe sentence is from the sovereign Lord of the world, who hath an absolute right to dispose of me and all his creatures; who is in a special manner the ruler of the people of Israel, to whom it properly belongs to punish all mine offences; whose chastisement I therefore accept.

3:19 Fail, etc - That is, want its effect: God made good all his predictions. A metaphor from precious liquors, which when they are spilt upon the ground, are altogether useless.

3:20 From Dan, etc - Thro' the whole Land, from the northern bound Dan, to the southern, Beersheba; which was the whole length of the Land.

4  Israel smitten by the Philistines, Sa1 4:1-2.
They bring the ark into the camp, which affrights the Philistines, Sa1 4:3-9.
Israel beaten and the ark taken, Sa1 4:10-11.
The news brought to Shiloh and the death of Eli, Sa1 4:12-18.
The travail and death of his daughter - in - law, Sa1 4:19-22.

4:1 The word - That is, the word of the Lord revealed to Samuel, and by him to the people. A word of command, that all Israel should go forth to fight with the Philistines, as the following words explain it, that they might he first humbled and punished for their sins, and so prepared for deliverance. Went out - To meet the Philistines, who having by this time recruited themselves after their loss by Samson, and perceiving an eminent prophet arising among them, by whom they were likely to be united, and assisted, thought fit to suppress them in the beginning of their hopes.

4:3 Wherefore, etc - This was strange blindness, that when there was so great a corruption in their worship and manners, they could not see sufficient reason why God should suffer them to fall by their enemies.The ark - That great pledge of God's presence and help, by whose conduct our ancestors obtained success. Instead of humbling themselves for, and purging themselves from their sins, for which God was displeased with them, they take an easier and cheaper course, and put their trust in their ceremonial observances, not doubting but the very presence of the ark would give them the victory.

4:4 Bring the ark - This they should not have done without asking counsel of God.

4:5 Shouted - From their great joy and confidence of success.So formal Christians triumph in external privileges and performances: as if the ark in the camp would bring them to heaven, tho' the world and the flesh reign in the heart.

4:7 Heretofore - Not in our times; for the fore - mentioned removals of the ark were before it came to Shiloh.

4:8 Wo, etc - They secretly confess the Lord to be greater than their gods, and yet presume to oppose him. Wilderness - They mention the wilderness, not as if all the plagues of the Egyptians came upon them in the wilderness, but because the last and sorest of all, which is therefore put for all, the destruction of Pharaoh and all his host, happened in the wilderness, namely, in the Red - sea, which having the wilderness on both sides of it, may well be said to be in the wilderness. Altho' it is not strange if these Heathens did mistake some circumstance in relation of the Israelitish affairs, especially some hundreds of years after they were done.

4:10 Tent - To his habitation, called by the ancient name of his tent. There fell - Before, they lost but four thousand, now in the presence of the ark, thirty thousand, to teach them that the ark and ordinances of God, were never designed as a refuge to impenitent sinners, but only for the comfort of those that repent.

4:11 The ark - Which God justly and wisely permitted, to punish the Israelites for their profanation of it; that by taking away the pretences of their foolish confidence, he might more deeply humble them, and bring them to true - repentance: and that the Philistines might by this means he more effectually convinced of God's almighty power, and of their own, and the impotency of their gods, and so a stop put to their triumphs and rage against the poor Israelites. Thus as God was no loser by this event, so the Philistines were no gainers by it; and Israel, all things considered, received more good than hurt by it. If Eli had done his duty, and put them from the priesthood, they might have lived, tho' in disgrace. But now God takes the work into his own hands, and chases them out of the world by the sword of the Philistines.

4:13 The ark - Whereby he discovered a public and generous spirit, and a fervent zeal for God, and for his honour, which he preferred before all his natural affections, not regarding his own children in comparison of the ark, tho' otherwise he was a most indulgent father. And well they might, for beside that this was a calamity to all Israel, it was a particular loss to Shiloh; for the ark never returned thither. Their candlestick was removed out of its place, and the city sunk and came to nothing.

4:18 He fell - Being so oppressed with grief and astonishment, that he had no strength left to support him. The gate - The gate of the city, which was most convenient for the speedy understanding of all occurrences.Old - Old, and therefore weak and apt to fall; heavy, and therefore his fall more dangerous. So fell the high - priest and judge of Israel!So fell his heavy head, when he had lived within two of an hundred years!So fell the crown from his head, when he had judged Israel forty years: thus did his sun set under a cloud. Thus was the wickedness of those sons of his, whom he had indulged, his ruin. Thus does God sometimes set marks of his displeasure on good men, that others may hear and fear. Yet we must observe, it was the loss of the ark that was his death, and not the slaughter of his sons. He says in effect, Let me fall with the ark!Who can live, when the ordinances of God are removed?Farewell all in this world, even Life itself, if the ark be gone!

4:20 Fear not - Indeed the sorrows of her travail would have been forgotten, for joy that a child was born into the world. But what is that joy to one that feels herself dying? None but spiritual joy will stand us in stead then. Death admits not the relish of any earthly joy: it is then all flat and tasteless. What is it to one that is lamenting the loss of the ark? What can give us pleasure, if we want God's word and ordinances? Especially if we want the comfort of his gracious presence, and the light of his countenance?

4:21 I - chabod - Where is the glory? The glory - That is, the glorious type and assurance of God's presence, the ark, which is often called God's glory, and which wast the great safeguard and ornament of Israel, which they could glory in above all other nations.

4:22 The ark - This is repeated to shew, her piety, and that the public loss lay heavier upon her spirit, than her personal or domestic calamity.

5  The Philistines carry the ark into the temple of Dagon, Sa1 5:1-2.
Dagon is overthrown, Sa1 5:3-5.
The men of Ashdod and Gath plagued, Sa1 5:6-9.
The Philistines determine to send it back, Sa1 5:10-12.

5:2 By Dagon - By way of reproach, as a spoil and trophy set there to the honour of Dagon, to whom doubtless they ascribed this victory.

5:3 They - The priests of Dagon. Set him - Supposing his fall was casual.

5:4 Cut off - The head is the seat of wisdom; the hands the instruments of action: both are cut off to shew that he had neither wisdom nor strength to defend himself or his worshippers. Thus the priests by concealing Dagon's shame before, make it more evident and infamous.The stump - Heb. only dagon, that is, that part of it from which it was called Dagon, namely the fishy part, for Dag in Hebrew signifies a fish. It - Upon the threshold; there the trunk abode in the place where it fell, but the head and hands were slung to distant places.

5:5 This day - When this history was written, which if written by Samuel towards the end of his life, was a sufficient ground for this expression.

5:6 Emerods - The piles.

5:8 To Gath - Supposing that this plague was confined to Ashdod for some particular reasons, or that it came upon them by chance, or for putting it into Dagon's temple, which they resolved they would not do.

5:9 Hidden parts - In the inwards of their hinder parts: which is the worst kind of emerods, as all physicians acknowledge, both because its pains are far more sharp than the other; and because the malady is more out of the reach of remedies.

5:11 The city - In every city, where the ark of God came.

6  The Philistines send the ark back, Sa1 6:1-12.
The Israelites receive it, Sa1 6:13-18.
The people of Beth - shemesh, smitten for looking into the ark, desire those of Kirjath - jearim to fetch it, Sa1 6:19-21.

6:1 Seven months - So long they kept it, as loath to lose so great a prize, and willing to try all ways to keep it.

6:3 It shall be known - You shall understand, what is hitherto doubtful, whether he was the author of these calamities, and why they continued so long upon you.

6:4 Emerods - Figures representing the disease. These they offered not in contempt of God, for they fought to gain his favour hereby; but in testimony of their humiliation, that by leaving this monument of their own shame and misery, they might obtain pity from God. Mice - Which marred their land by destroying the fruits thereof; as the other plague afflicted their Bodies.

6:5 Give glory - The glory of his power in conquering you, who seemed to have conquered him; of his justice in punishing you, and of his goodness if he relieve you.

6:6 Wherefore, etc - They express themselves thus, either because some opposed the sending home the ark, though most had consented to it; or because they thought they would hardly send it away in the manner prescribed, by giving glory to God, and taking shame to themselves.

6:7 Milch kine, etc - In respect to the ark; and for the better discovery, because such untamed heifers are apt to wander, and keep no certain and constant paths, as oxen accustomed to the yoke do, and therefore were most unlikely to keep the direct road to Israel's land.From them - Which would stir up natural affection in their dams, and cause them rather to return home, than to go to a strange country.

6:9 His own coast - Or Border, that is, the way that leadeth to his coast, or border, namely, the country to which it belongs.Then he, etc - Which they might well conclude, if such heifers should against their common use, and natural instinct, go into a strange path, and regularly and constantly proceed in it, without any man's conduct.

6:12 Beth - shemesh - A city of the priests, who were by office to take care of it. Loving - Testifying at once both their natural and vehement inclination to their calves, and the supernatural power which over - ruled them to a contrary course. The lords went - To prevent all imposture, and to get assurance of the truth of the event. All which circumstances tended to the greater illustration of God's glory.

6:14 They - Not the lords of the Philistines, but the Beth - shemites, the priest that dwelt there.Offered the kine - There may seem to he a double error in this act.

First, that they offered females for a burnt - offering, contrary to

Lev 1:3.

Secondly, that they did it in a forbidden place, Deu 12:5-6. But this case being extraordinary, may in some sort excuse it, if they did not proceed by ordinary rules.

6:18 Villages - This is added for explication of that foregoing phrase, all the cities; either to shew, that under the name of the five cities were comprehended all the villages and territories belonging to them, in whose name, and at whose charge these presents were made; or to express the difference between this and the former present, the emerods being only five, according to the five cities mentioned, ver. Sa1 6:17, because it may seem, the cities only, or principally, were pestered with that disease; and the mice being many more according to the number of all the cities, as is here expressed: the word city being taken generally so, as to include not only fenced cities, but also the country villages, and the fields belonging to them. Abel - This is mentioned as the utmost border of the Philistines territory, to which the plague of mice extended. And this place is here called Abel, by anticipation from the great mourning mentioned in the following verse. It is desirable, to see the ark in its habitation, in all the circumstances of solemnity.But it is better to have it on a great stone, and in the fields of the wood, than to be without it. The intrinsic grandeur of divine ordinances ought not to be diminished in our eyes, by the meanness and poverty of the place, where they are administered.

6:19 Had looked - Having now an opportunity which they never yet had, it is not strange they had a vehement curiosity to see the contents of the ark. Of the people - In and near Beth - shemesh and coming from all parts on this occasion.

6:20 Who is able, etc - That is, to minister before the ark where the Lord is present. Since God is so severe to mark what is amiss in his servants, who is sufficient to serve him? It seems to be a complaint, or expostulation with God, concerning this great instance of his severity.And to whom, etc - Who will dare to receive the ark with so much hazard to themselves. Thus when the word of God works with terror on men's consciences, instead of taking the blame to themselves, they frequently quarrel with the word, and endeavour to put it from them.

6:21 Kirjath - jearim - Whither they sent, either because the place was not far off from them, and so it might soon be removed: or because it was a place of eminency and strength, and somewhat farther distant from the Philistines, where therefore it was likely to be better preserved from any new attempts of the Philistines, and to be better attended by the Israelites, who would more freely and frequently come to it at such a place, than in Beth - shemesh, which was upon the border of their enemies land.

7  The ark remains at Kirjath - jearim twenty years, Sa1 7:1-2.
Samuel reforms Israel from idolatry, and judges Israel, Sa1 7:3-6.
The Philistines come up against Israel, are overthrown, and restore the cities they had taken, Sa1 7:7-14.
Samuel administers justice thro' all the land, Sa1 7:15-17.

7:1 Fetch up - That is, by the priests appointed to that work.Hill - This place they chose, both because it was a strong place, where it would be the most safe; and an high place, and therefore visible at some distance, which was convenient for them, who were at that time to direct their prayers and faces towards the ark. And for the same reason David afterwards placed it in the hill of Sion. Sanctified Eleazar - Not that they made him either Levite or Priest; for in Israel persons were not made but born such; but they devoted, or set him apart wholly to attend upon this work. His son - Him they chose rather than his father, because he was younger and stronger, and probably freed from domestic cares, which might divert him from, or disturb him in this work.To keep the ark - To keep the place where it was, clean, and to guard it that none might touch it, but such as God allowed to do so.

7:2 Kirjath - jearim - Where it continued, and was not carried to Shiloh its former place, either because that place was destroyed by the Philistines when the ark was taken, or because God would hereby punish the wickedness of the people of Israel, by keeping it in a private place near the Philistines, whether the generality of the people durst not come. Twenty years - He saith not, that this twenty years was all the time of the ark's abode there, for it continued there from Eli's time 'till David's reign, Sa1 6:2, which was forty years: but that itwas so long there before the Israelites were sensible of their sin and misery. Lamented - That is, they followed after God with lamentations for his departure, and prayers for his return.

7:3 Spake - To all the rulers and people too, as he had occasion in his circuit, described below, mixing exhortation to repentance, with his judicial administrations. If - If you do indeed what you profess, if you are resolved to go on in that which you seem to have begun. With all your heart - Sincerely and in good earnest. Put - Out of your houses, where some of you keep them; and out of your hearts, where they still have an interest in many of you. Ashtaroth - And especially, Ashtaroth, whom they, together with the neighbouring nations, did more eminently worship. Prepare your hearts - By purging them from all sin, and particularly from all inclinations to other gods.

7:6 Poured it out - As an external sign, whereby they testified, both their own filthiness and need of washing by the grace and Spirit of God, and blood of the covenant, and their sincere desire to pour out their hearts before the Lord, in true repentance, and to cleanse themselves from all filthiness of flesh and spirit. Before the Lord - That is, in the public assembly, where God is in a special manner present. Judged - That is, governed them, reformed all abuses against God or man, took care that the laws of God should be observed, and wilful transgressions punished.

7:7 Went up - With an army, suspecting the effects of their general convention, and intending to nip them in the bud. Afraid - Being a company of unarmed persons, and unfit for battle. When sinners begin to repent and reform, they must expect Satan will muster all his forces against them, and set his instruments at work to the uttermost, to oppose and discourage them.

7:8 Cease not, etc - We are afraid to look God in the face, because of our great wickedness: do thou therefore intercede for us, as Moses did for his generation. They had reason to expect this, because he had promised to pray for them, had promised them deliverance from the Philistines, and they had been observant of him, in all that he had spoken to them from the Lord. Thus they who receive Christ as their lawgiver and judge, need not doubt of their interest in his intercession. O what a comfort is it to all believers, that he never ceaseth, but always appears in the presence of God for us.

7:9 Cried - And he cried unto the Lord. He made intercession with the sacrifice. So Christ intercedes in virtue of his satisfaction. And in all our prayers we must have an eye to his great oblation, depending on him for audience and acceptance.

7:12 A stone - A rude unpolished stone, which was not prohibited by that law, Lev 26:1, there being no danger of worshipping such a stone, and this being set up only as a monument of the victory. Eben - ezer - That is, the stone of help. And this victory was gained in the very same place where the Israelites received their former fatal loss.Helped us - He hath begun to help us, though not compleatly to deliver us.By which wary expression, he exciteth both their thankfulness for their mercy received, and their holy fear and care to please and serve the Lord, that he might help and deliver them effectually.

7:13 Came no more - That is, with a great host, but only with straggling parties, or garrisons. All the days, etc - All the days of Samuel that is, while Samuel was their sole judge, or ruler; for in Saul's time they did come.

7:14 Peace - An agreement for the cessation of all acts of hostility.Amorites - That is, the Canaanites, often called Amorites, because these were formerly the most valiant of all those nations, and the first Enemies which the Israelites met with, when they went to take possession of their land. They made this peace with the Canaanites, that they might he more at leisure to oppose the Philistines, now their most potent enemies.

7:15 Samuel judged - For though Saul was king in Samuel's last days, yet Samuel did not cease to be a judge, being so made by God's extraordinary call, which Saul could not destroy; and therefore Samuel did sometimes, upon great occasions, tho' not ordinarily, exercise the office of judge after the beginning of Saul's reign; and the years of the rule of Saul and Samuel are joined together, Act 13:20-21.

7:16 In all places - He went to those several places, in compliance with the people, whose convenience he was willing to purchase with his own trouble, as an itinerant judge and preacher; and by his presence in several parts, he could the better observe, and rectify all sorts of miscarriages.

7:17 Built an altar - That by joining sacrifices with his prayers, he might the better obtain direction and assistance from God upon all emergencies. And this was done by prophetical inspiration, as appears by God's acceptance of the sacrifices offered upon it. Indeed Shiloh being now laid waste, and no other place yet appointed for them to bring their offerings to, the law which obliged them to one place, was for the present suspended. Therefore, as the patriarchs did, he built an altar where he lived: and that not only for the use of his own family, but for the good of the country who resorted to it.

8  Samuel's decay and the degeneracy of his sons, Sa1 8:1-3.
The people petition him for a king, who refers it to God, Sa1 8:4-6.
God directs him what answer to give, Sa1 8:7-18.
They insist upon their petition, Sa1 8:19-20.
Which he promises, shall be granted, Sa1 8:21-22.

8:1 Old - And so unfit for his former travels and labours. He is not supposed to have been now above sixty years of age. But he had spent his strength and spirits in the fatigue of public business: and now if he thinks to shake himself as at other times, he finds he is mistaken: age has cut his hair. They that are in the prime of their years, ought to be busy in doing the work of life: for as they go into years, they will find themselves less disposed to it, and less capable of it. Judges - Not supreme judges, for such there was to be but one, and that of God's chusing; and Samuel still kept that office in his own hands, chap.Sa1 7:15, but his deputies, to go about and determine matters, but with reservation of a right of appeals to himself. He had doubtless instructed them in a singular manner, and fitted them for the highest employments; and he hoped that the example he had sent them, and the authority he still had over them, would oblige them to diligence and faithfulness in their trust.

8:2 Beer - sheba - In the southern border of the land of Canaan, which were very remote from his house at Ramah; where, and in the neighbouring places Samuel himself still executing the office of judge.

8:3 Took bribes - Opportunity and temptation discovered that corruption in them which 'till now was hid from their father. It has often been the grief of holy men, that their children did not tread in their steps. So far from it, that the sons of eminently good men, have been often eminently wicked.

8:5 A king - Their desires exceed their reasons, which extended no farther than to the removal of Samuel's sons from their places, and the procuring some other just: and prudent assistance to Samuel's age.Nor was the grant of their desire a remedy for their disease, but rather an aggravation of it. For the sons of their king were likely to he as corrupt as Samuel's sons and, if they were, would not be so easily removed.Like other nations - That is, as most of the nations about us have. But there was not the like reason; because God had separated them from all other nations, and cautioned them against the imitation of their examples, and had taken them into his own immediate care and government; which privilege other nations had not.

8:6 Displeased - Because God was hereby dishonoured by that distrust of him, and that ambition, and itch after changes, which were the manifest causes of this desire; and because of that great misery, which he foresaw the people would hereby bring upon themselves. Prayed - For the pardon of their sin, and direction and help from God in this great affair.

8:7 Hearken - God grants their desire in anger, and for their punishment. Rejected me - This injury and contumely, reflects chiefly upon me and my government. Should not reign - By my immediate government, which was the great honour, safety, and happiness of this people, if they had had hearts to prize it.

8:8 So do they - Thou farest no worse than myself. This he speaks for Samuel's comfort and vindication.

8:9 Ye protest - That, if it be possible, thou mayst yet prevent their sin and misery. The manner - That is, of the kings which they desire like the kings of other nations.

8:11 Will take - Injuriously and by violence.

8:12 Will appoint - Heb. To, or for himself; for his own fancy, or glory, and not only when the necessities of the kingdom require it. And though this might seem to he no incumbrance, but an honour to the persons so advanced, yet even in them that honour was accompanied with great dangers, and pernicious snares of many kinds, which those faint shadows of glory could not recompense; and as to the public, their pomp and power proved very burdensome to the people, whose lands and fruits were taken from them, and bestowed upon these, for the support of their state. Will set them - At his own pleasure, when possibly their own fields required all their time and pains. He will press them for all sorts of his work, and that upon his own terms.

8:13 Daughters - Which would be more grievous to their parents, and more dangerous to themselves, because of the tenderness of that sex, and their liableness to many injuries.

8:14 Your fields - By fraud or force, as Ahab did from Naboth.His servants - He will not only take the fruits of your lands for his own use, but will take away your possessions to give to his servants.

8:15 The tenth - Besides the several tenths which God hath reserved for his service, he will, when he pleaseth, impose another tenth upon you.Officers - Heb. To his eunuchs, which may imply a farther injury, that he should against the command of God, make some of his people eunuchs; and take those into his court and favour, which God would have cast out of the congregation.

8:16 Will take - By constraint, and without sufficient recompense.

8:17 His servants - That is, he will use you like slaves, and deprive you of that liberty which now you enjoy.

8:18 Cry out - Ye shall bitterly mourn for the sad effects of this inordinate desire of a king. Will not hear - Because you will not hear, nor obey his counsel in this day.

8:20 Be like - What stupidity! It was their happiness that they were unlike all other nations, Num 23:9 Sa1 8, Deu 33:28, as in other glorious privileges, so especially in this, that the Lord was their immediate king and lawgiver. But they will have a king to go out before them, and to fight their battles. Could they desire a battle better fought for them than the last was, by Samuel's prayers and God's thunders? Were they fond to try the chance of war, at the same uncertainty that others did?And what was the issue? Their first king was slain in battle: and so was Joshua, one of the last and best.

8:21 Rehearsed - He repeated them privately between God and himself; for his own vindication and comfort: and as a foundation for his prayers to God, for direction and assistance.

8:22 Go - Betake yourselves to your several occasions, till you hear more from me in this matter.

9  A short account of Saul, Sa1 9:1-2.
Seeking his father's asses, he is advised to consult Samuel, Sa1 9:3-10.
He is directed to him, Sa1 9:11-14.
Samuel being informed of God concerning him, treats him with respect, and prepares him for the news, that he must be king, Sa1 9:15-27.

9:2 Goodly - Comely and personable. Higher - A tall stature was much valued in a king in ancient times, and in the eastern countries.

9:3 The asses - Which were there of great price, because of the scarcity of horses, and therefore not held unworthy of Saul's seeking, at least in those ancient times, when simplicity, humility, and industry were in fashion among persons of quality.

9:6 Honourable men - One of great reputation for his skill and faithfulness. Acquaintance with God and serviceableness to the kingdom of God, makes men truly honourable. The way - The course we should take to find the asses. He saith, peradventure, because he doubted whether so great a prophet would seek, or God would grant him a revelation concerning such mean matters: although sometimes God was pleased herein to condescend to his people, to cut off all pretence or occasion of seeking to heathenish divination.

9:7 A present - Presents were then made to the prophets, either as a testimony of respect: or, as a grateful acknowledgement: or, for the support of the Prophets themselves: or, of the sons of the prophets: or, of other persons in want, known to them.

9:9 Seer - Because he discerned and could discover things secret and unknown to others. And these are the words, either of some later sacred writer, who after Samuel's death, inserted this verse. Or, of Samuel, who, being probably fifty or sixty years old at the writing of this book, and speaking of the state of things in his first days, might well call it before time.

9:12 Came to - day to the city - He had been travelling abroad, and was now returned to his own house in Ramah.High place - Upon the hill mentioned ver. Sa1 9:11, and near the altar which Samuel built for this use.

9:13 Find him - At home and at leisure. To eat - The relicks of the sacrifices. Doth bless - The blessing of this sacrifice seems to have consisted both of thanksgiving, this being a thank - offering, and of prayer to God for its acceptance.

9:15 His ear - That is, secretly, perhaps by a still small voice.

9:16 Philistines - For though they were now most pressed with the Ammonites, yet they looked upon these as a land - flood, soon up, and soon down again: but the Philistines, their constant and nearest enemies, they most dreaded. And from these did Saul in some measure save them, and would have saved them much more, if his and the people's sins had not hindered.

9:20 On whom - Who is he that shall be that, which all Israel desire to have, namely, a king. Father's house - That honour is designed for thee, and, after thy death, for thy family or posterity, is by thy sin thou dost not cut off the entail.

9:21 The smallest - For so indeed this was, having been all cut off except six hundred, Jdg 20:46-48, which blow they never recovered, and therefore they were scarce reckoned as an entire tribe, but only as a remnant of a tribe; and being ingrafted into Judah, in the division between the ten tribes and the two, they in some sort lost their name, and together with Judah were accounted but one tribe.

9:22 Chief place - Thereby to raise their expectation, and to prepare them for giving that honour to Saul, which his approaching dignity required.

9:24 I said - When I first spake that I had invited the people to join with me in my sacrifice, and then to partake with me of the feast, I then bade the cook reserve this part for thy use.

9:25 Communed - Concerning the kingdom designed for him by God.

9:27 Pass on - That thou and I may speak privately of the matter or the kingdom. Which Samuel hitherto endeavoured to conceal, lest he should be thought now to impose a king upon them, as before he denied one to them; and that it might appear by the lot mentioned in the next chapter, that the kingdom was given to Saul by God's destination, and not by Samuel's contrivance. Word of God - That is, a message delivered to me from God, which now I shall impart to thee.

10  The anointing of Saul, Sa1 10:1.
Samuel gives him signs and instruction, Sa1 10:2-8.
The signs accomplished, Sa1 10:9-13.
His return to his father's house, Sa1 10:14-16.
He is elected, solemnly inaugurated, and returns to his own city, Sa1 10:17-27.

10:1 Poured it - Which Is was the usual rite in the designation, as of priests and prophets, so also of kings, whereby was signified the pouring forth of the gifts of God's spirit upon him, to fit him for the administration of his office. These sacred unctions then used, pointed at the great Messiah, or anointed One, the King of the church, and High - priest of our profession, who was anointed with the oil of the spirit without measure, above all the priests and princes of the Jewish church. Kissed - As a testimony of his sincere friendship and affection to him. His inheritance - That is, over his own peculiar people. Whereby he admonisheth Saul, that this people were not so much his, as God's; and that he was not to rule them according his own will, but according to the will of God.

10:2 Rachel's sepulchre - In the way to Bethlehem, which city was in Judah; her sepulchre might be either in Judah, or in Benjamin; for the possessions of those two tribes were bordering one upon another.The first place he directs him to was a sepulchre, the sepulchre of one of his ancestors. There he must read a lecture of his own mortality, and now he had a crown in his eye, must think of his grave, in which all his honour would be laid in the dust.

10:3 Plain - Not that at the foot of mount Tabor, which was far from these parts; but another belonging to some other place.Bethel - Properly so called, which was in Ephraim, where there was a noted high - place, famous for Jacob's vision there, Gen 28:19, where it is probable they offered sacrifices, in this confused state of things, when the ark was in one place, and the tabernacle in another.

10:5 Prophets - By prophets he understands persons that wholly devoted themselves to religious studies and exercises. For the term of prophesying is not only given to the most eminent act of it, foretelling things to come; but also to preaching, and to the making or singing of psalms, or songs of praise to God. And they that wholly attended upon these things, are called sons of the prophets, who were commonly combined into companies or colleges, that they might more conveniently assist one another in God's work. This institution God was pleased so far to honour and bless, that sometimes he communicated unto those persons the knowledge of future things. Psaltery - Such instruments of musick being then used by prophets and other persons, for the excitation of their spirits in God's service.Prophesy - Either sing God's praises, or speak of the things of God, by a peculiar impulse of his spirit.

10:6 Will come - Heb. will leap, or rush upon thee.Another man - That is, thou shalt be suddenly endowed with another spirit, filled with skill of divine things, with courage, and wisdom, and magnanimity; and other qualifications befitting thy dignity.

10:7 Thou do - Heb. do what they hand findeth to do; that is, as thou shalt have a call and opportunity. He doth not intend that he should take the kingly government upon him, before his call to it was owned by the people, but that he should dispose his mind to a readiness of undertaking any public service when he should be called to his office.

10:8 Till I come - This, though now mentioned and commanded, was not immediately to be performed; as is evident, partly from the whole course of the story, (which shews, that Saul and Samuel, and the people, first met at Mizpeh, ver. Sa1 10:17, etc where Saul was chosen by God, and accepted by the people as king; and afterwards went to Gilgal once before the time here spoken of, chap.Sa1 11:14-15) and partly, by comparing this place with chap.Sa1 13:8, etc where we find Saul charged with the violation of this command, two years after the giving of it. It seems this is given as a standing rule for Saul to observe while Samuel and he lived; that in case of any great future difficulties, as the invasion of enemies, Saul should resort to Gilgal, and call the people thither, and tarry there seven days, which was but a necessary time for gathering the people, and for the coming of Samuel thither. And Gilgal was chosen for this purpose, because that place was famous for the solemn renewing of the covenant between God and Israel, Jos 4:19-24, and for other eminent instances of God's favour to them, the remembrance whereof was a confirmation of their faith; and because it was a very convenient place for he tribes within and without Jordan to assemble, and consult, and unite their forces together upon such occasions.

10:10 Prophesied - The accomplishment of the two former signs is supposed, and this only is expressed, because this was more eminent than the former; the other were only transient acts, which passed in private between two or three persons meeting together; but this was a more permanent and notorious sign, done in a more solemn manner, and before many witnesses.

10:11 Is Saul - A man never instructed, nor exercised in, nor inclined to these matters.

10:12 Who is, etc - Who is the father of all these prophets, among whom Saul now is one? Who is it that instructs and inspires them but God?They have it not from their parents, nor from their education, but by inspiration from God, who, when he pleaseth, can inspire Saul, or any other man with the same skill. And therefore wonder not at this matter, but give God the glory of it. A proverb - Used when any strange, or unexpected thing happened.

10:13 High place - Returning thither with the prophets, to praise God for these wonderful favours, and to beg counsel and help from God in this high business.

10:16 Told not - In obedience to Samuel, who obliged him to secrecy: and from an humble modesty.

10:19 Now therefore, etc - He puts them upon chusing their king by lot, that all might know God had chosen Saul (for the disposal of the lot is of the Lord) and to prevent all dispute and exception.

10:20 Benjamin - Which tribe was now preferred before Judah, because the kingdom was freely promised by God to Judah, and was to be given to him in love; but now the kingdom was in a manner forced from God, and given them in anger and therefore conferred upon an obscure tribe.

10:22 Enquired - Either by Urim or Thummim, which was the usual way of enquiry. Or, by Samuel, who by his prayer procured an answer.Stuff - Among the carriages or baggage of the people there assembled.This he probably did, from a sense of his own unworthiness.

10:24 None like him - As to the height of his bodily stature, which was in itself, commendable in a king, and some kind of indication of great endowments of mind. God save the king - Heb. let the king live; that is, long and prosperously. Hereby they accept him for their king, and promise subjection to him. None will be losers in the end by their humility and modesty. Honour, like the shadows, follows them that flee from it, but flees from them that pursue it.

10:25 Manner of the kingdom - The laws and rules by which the kingly government was to be managed; agreeable to those mentioned Deu 17:16, etc Before the Lord - Before the ark, where it was kept safe fromdepravation.

10:26 Went home - Not being actually inaugurated into his kingdom, he thought fit to retire to his former habitation, and to live privately 'till he had an occasion to shew himself in a more illustrious manner.Then went - To give him safe and honourable conduct to his house, though not to abide with him there, which did not suit his present circumstance.

10:27 No presents - As subjects in those times used to do to their kings. This was an evidence both of his humility, and the mercifulness of his disposition. So Christ held his peace, in the day of his patience.But there is a day of recompense coming.

11  The distress of Jabesh - gilead, Sa1 11:1-3.
Saul's readiness to relieve them, and success, Sa1 11:4-11.
His tenderness to them that opposed him, Sa1 11:12-13.
He is confirmed in his kingdom, Sa1 11:14-15.

11:1 Then - That is, about that time; for that this happened before, and was the occasion of their desire of a king, may seem from chap.Sa1 12:12, although it is possible, that Nahash's preparation, might cause that desire, and that he did not actually come 'till their king was chosen. Will serve - The occasion of this offer was, that they saw no likelihood of relief from their brethren in Canaan.

11:2 Thrust out, etc - Partly for a reproach, as it here follows; and partly, to disable them. He leaves them one eye, that they might be fit to serve in any mean and base office.

11:5 After the herd - For being only anointed king, and not publickly inaugurated, nor having yet had opportunity of doing any thing worthy of his place, he thought fit to forbear all royal state, and to retire to his former private life, which, howsoever despised in this latter ages, was anciently in great esteem. Good magistrates are in pain, if their subjects are in tears.

11:7 Sent them - Wisely considering, that the sight of mens eyes does much more affect their hearts, than what they only hear with their ears.Samuel - Whom he joins with himself, both because he was present with him; and that hereby he might gain the more authority. Fear - A fear sent upon them by God, that they should not dare to deny their help. The fear of God will make men good subjects, good soldiers, and good friends to their country. They that fear God will make conscience of their duty to all men, particularly to their rulers.

11:8 Men of Judah - Who are numbered apart to their honour, to shew how readily they, to whom the kingdom was promised, Gen 49:10, submitted to their king, though of another tribe; and how willing they were to hazard themselves for their brethren although they might have excused themselves from the necessity of defending their own country from their dangerous neighbours the Philistines.

11:14 Then - While the people were together by Jabesh - gilead, wherein Samuel's great prudence and fidelity to Saul is evident.He suspended the confirmation of Saul at first, whilst the generality of the people were disaffected, and now when he had given such eminent proof of his princely virtues, and when the peoples hearts were eagerly set upon him, he takes this as the fittest season for that work. Renew - That is, confirm our former choice.

11:15 Made - They owned and accepted him for their king.

12  Samuel clears himself from all imputation of abusing the power which he now resigns to Saul, Sa1 12:1-5.
He reminds them of the great things God had done, Sa1 12:6-13.
He sets before them the blessing and the curse, Sa1 12:14-15.
He calls upon God for thunder, Sa1 12:16-19.
He encourages and exhorts them, Sa1 12:20-25.

12:1 Said - While they were assembled together in Gilgal. And this is another instance of Samuel's great wisdom and integrity. He would not reprove the people for their sin, in desiring a king, whilst Saul was unsettled in his kingdom; lest through their accustomed levity, they should as hastily cast off their king, as they had passionately desired him, and therefore he chuseth this season for it; because Saul's kingdom was now confirmed by an eminent victory; and because the people rejoiced greatly, applauded themselves for their desires of a king; and interpreted the success which God had given them, as a divine approbation of those desires. Samuel therefore thinks fit to temper their joys, and to excite them to that repentance which he saw wanting in them, and which he knew to be necessary, to prevent the curse of God upon their new king, and the whole kingdom.

12:2 Walketh - Ruleth over you. To him I have fully resigned my power, and own myself one of his subjects. Old - And therefore unable to bear the burden of government. My sons - Or, among you, in the same states private persons, as you are; if they have injured any of you, the law is now open against them; any of you may accuse them, your king can punish them, I do not intercede for them. Walked before you - That is, been your guide and governor; partly, as a prophet; and partly, as a judge.

12:3 Behold - I here present myself before the Lord, and before your king, ready to give an account of all my administrations. And this protestation Samuel makes of his integrity, not out of ostentation; but for his own just vindication, that the people might not hereafter for the defence of their own irregularities, reproach his government, and that being publickly acquitted from all faults in his government, he might more freely reprove the sins of the people, and, particularly, that sin of theirs in desiring a king, when they had so little reason for it.

12:7 Righteous acts - Heb. the righteousnesses; that is, mercies or benefits the chief subject of the following discourse; some of their calamities being but briefly named, and that for the illustration of God's mercy in their deliverances.

12:8 This place - In this land: in which Moses and Aaron are said to settle them; because they brought them into, and seated them in part of it, that without Jordan; because they were, under God, the principal authors of their entering into the land of Canaan; inasmuch as they brought them out of Egypt, conducted them through the wilderness; and thereby their prayers to God, and counsel to them, preserved them from ruin, and gave command from God for the distribution of the land among them, and encouraged them to enter into it. And lastly, Moses substituted Joshua in his stead, and commanded him to seat them there, which he did.

12:9 Forgat - That is, they revolted from him, and carried themselves, as if they had wholly forgotten his innumerable favours. This he saith to answer an objection, that the reason why they desired a king, was, because in the time of the judges they were at great uncertainties, and often exercised with sharp afflictions: to which he answereth by concession that they were so; but adds, by way of retortion, that they themselves were the cause of it, by their forgetting God: so that it was not the fault of that kind of government, but their transgressing the rules of it.Fought - With success, and subdued them.

12:11 Bedan - This was either Samson, as most interpreters believe, who is called Bedan; that is, in Dan, or of Dan, one of that tribe, to signify that they had no reason to distrust that God, who could raise so eminent a saviour out of so obscure a tribe: or, Jair the Gileadite, which may seem best to agree, first, with the time and order of the judges; for Jair was before Jephthah, but Samson was after him. Secondly, with other scriptures: for among the sons of a more ancient Jair, we meet with one called Bedan, Ch1 7:17, which name seems here given to Jair the judge, to distinguish him from that first Jair. Safe - So that it was no necessity, but mere wantonness, that made you desire a change.

12:12 Your king - That is, when God was your immediate king and governor, who was both able and willing to deliver you, if you had cried to him, whereof you and your ancestors have had plentiful experience; so that you did not at all need any other king; and your desire of another, was a manifest reproach against God.

12:13 Ye have chosen - Though God chose him by lot, yet the people are said to chuse him; either generally, because they chose that form of government; or particularly, because they approved of God's choice, and confirmed it. The Lord - He hath yielded to your inordinate desire.

12:14 Then, etc - Heb. then shall - ye - be, (that is, walk, or go) after the Lord; that is, God shall still go before you, as he hath hitherto done, as your leader or governor, to direct, protect, and deliver you; and he will not forsake you, as you have given him just cause to do.Sometimes this phrase of going after the Lord, signifies a man's obedience to God; but here it is otherwise to be understood, and it notes not a duty to be performed, but a privilege to be received upon the performance of their duty; because it is opposed to a threatening denounced in case of disobedience, in the next verse.

12:15 Your fathers - Who lived under the judges; and you shall have no advantage by the change of government, nor shall your kings be able to protect you against God's displeasure. The mistake, if we think we can evade God's justice, by shaking off his dominion. If we will not let God rule us, yet he will judge us.

12:17 Wheat - harvest - At which time it was a rare thing in those parts to have thunder or rain; the weather being more constant in its seasons there, than it is with us. Rain - That you may understand that God is displeased with you; and also how foolishly and wickedly you have done in rejecting the government of that God, at whose command are all things both in heaven and in earth.

12:18 Samuel - Who had such power and favour with God. By this thunder and rain, God shewed them their folly in desiring a king to save them, rather than God or Samuel, expecting more from an arm of flesh than from the arm of God, or from the power of prayer. Could their king thunder with a voice like God? Could their prince command such forces as the prophet could by his prayers? Likewise he intimates, that how serene soever their condition was now, (like the weather in wheat harvest) yet if God pleased, he could soon change the face of their heavens, and persecute them with his storms.

12:19 Thy God - Whom thou hast so great an interest in, while we are ashamed and afraid to call him our God.

12:20 Fear not - With a desponding fear, as if there were no hope left for you.

12:21 Turn aside - After idols; as they had often done before; and, notwithstanding this warning, did afterwards.Vain things - So idols are called, Deu 32:21 Sa1 12, Jer 2:5, and so they are, being mere nothings, having no power in them; no influence upon us, nor use or benefit to us.

12:22 His name's sake - That is, for his own honour, which would suffer much among men, if he should not preserve and deliver his people in eminent dangers. And this reason God alledgeth to take them off from all conceit of their own merit; and to assure them, that if they did truly repent of all their sins, and serve God with all their heart; yet even in that case their salvation would not be due to their merits; but the effect of God's free mercy. To make - Out of his own free grace, without any desert of yours, and therefore he will not forsake you, except you thrust him away.

12:24 Only, etc - Otherwise neither my prayer nor counsels will stand you in any stead.

1:3 "Господь Саваоф" - смысл слова "Саваоф" не установлен окончательно: оно может означать воинство Израиля, или стройный порядок небесных светил, ибо по представлению Израиля единый Бог располагает всеми силами космоса.

1:11 Самуил - сын, которого Бог дает неплодной матери, так же, как Исаака, Самсона, Иоанна Крестителя. Ребенок, который должен родиться, посвящается своей матерью Ягве в качестве служителя при святилище. Длинные волосы будут знаком этого посвящения, как у Самсона.

2:1-10 Молитва Анны - далекий прообраз песни Божией Матери (Лк 1:46-55). Это уже мессианская песнь, выражающая надежду "анавим" (бедных, смиренных - ср Соф 2:3) и заканчивающаяся указанием на царя Мессию.

2:18 По-евр. "ефод" - священническое одеяние (ср 2 Цар 6:14, 1 Цар 22:18), отличное от ефода - предмета, служащего для бросания жребия чтобы познать волю Господню (ст 1 Цар 2:28, ср 1 Цар 14:3, 1 Цар 14:18, в рус. пер. - кивот; 1 Цар 23:6, 1 Цар 23:9, см; 1 Цар 30:7, 1 Цар 30:8, ср Деян 1:17, 26). Согласно Bible de Jerusalem (прим. к 1 Цар 14 41), в этом стихе следует восстановить пропуск слова Израилев: "Почему ты не ответил сегодня рабу Твоему? Если вина на мне или на сыне Твоем Ионафане, дай знамение урим, если вина на народе Твоем Израилевом, дай - туммим". Следовательно, в ефоде находилось 2 жребия; каждому из них придавалось определенное значение: выпадавший жребий считался знамением Божиим, откровением Его воли.

2:33-34 Смерть Офни и Финееса (1 Цар 4:11) является знамением будущих несчастий: избиения в Номве священников, потомков Илия (1 Цар 22:18-19), за исключением Авиафара (1 Цар 22:22-23), впоследствии смещенного Соломоном (3 Цар 2:27); выдвижения на их место семьи Садока, которая, начиная с Соломона, сохраняет за собой милость царя, "помазанника Господня"; (3 Цар 2:35); бедственного положения провинциальных священников после реформы Иосии (ст 1 Цар 2:36; ср 4 Цар 23:9).

3:1 Первое откровение, которым утверждается пророческое призвание Самуила. Это не сон - голос будит Самуила. Это "видение", но только в широком смысле слова, т.к. Самуил не видит Ягве, а только слышит его.

3:3 Господь являет Свое присутствие над ковчегом и дает Свои повеления (ср Исх 25:22; Ис 6).

5 "Хлеб священный" - хлебы предложения. Они предназначались только священникам (Лев 24:5-9). Во времена Давида исключения были возможны, но для этого требовалась обрядовая чистота.

8 Здесь важный поворотный момент в политической и религиозной истории Израиля. Святилище ковчега в Силоме разрушено, и единство находится в опасности при возрастающей филистимской угрозе. Возобновляя предложение, в свое время сделанное Гедеону (Суд 8:22сл) и попытку Авимелеха (Суд 9:1сл), часть народа просит себе царя "как у других народов", но другое общественное течение этому противится, предоставляя Богу, Единому Владыке Израиля, воздвигать вождей, каких требуют обстоятельства, как Он это делал во времена Судей. Оба эти течения находят свое выражение в рассказах об установлении монархии (Sa1 8-11) и сходятся в признании политической и религиозной роли Самуила, поставившего царя - Божия помазанника, признающего права Бога на Свой народ. В то время, как Саул оказался не на высоте этого призвания, Давиду удалось согласовать обязанности политического главы и помазанника Божия. Его преемники не смогли достигнуть этого идеала, и поэтому Давид остался прообразом грядущего Царя, помазанника Христа, Мессии, через которого Бог осуществит спасение Своего народа.

8:5 Израиль забывает, что он не такой народ, как другие, что он оскверняется, следуя их примеру и отвергая своего истинного Царя-. Бога.

10:5 Эти "пророки", объединившиеся в группы, приходили с помощью музыки и пляски в экстаз, становившийся заразительным. Их нельзя отождествлять с великими пророками Израиля (см Введение к пророкам).

12:20 Краткое изложение антимонархической доктрины: установление царской власти было тяжелым проступком (ср Ос 8:4, Ос 9:15), но Бог все же не отвергает избранного Им народа, при условии, что он впредь будет верен. Пророки будут ходатайствовать за него и направлять его.

1:1  Рамафаим-Цофим — иначе Рама Самуилова (см. ст. 19) — местность в горах Ефремовых, расположенных на северо-западе от Иерусалима.

Ефрафянин — не в смысле «вифлеемлянин» (Быт 35:1): Вифлеем расположен к югу от Иерусалима, — а в смысле «ефремлянин», по месту своего происхождения. Ефрафа, ефрафянин, Ефрем, Ефраим, ефремлянин — происходят от одного и того же еврейского корня הָרָּפ — произрастать, плодиться, производить плоды, быть плодородным.

3. В Силоме (на севере от Иерусалима, в колене Ефрема) находился в это время Дом Господень, т. е. Скиния. Илий был при ней первосвященником (и вместе судьей народа), а Офни и Финеес — священниками.

Положенные дни, в которые Елкана ходил в Силом приносить жертвы Господу Богу, были праздники: Пасхи, Пятидесятницы и Кущей, когда все евреи мужского пола обязаны были (Исх 34:23; Втор 16:16) являться к Скинии и приносить здесь свои жертвы. В отношении лиц женского пола отмеченный закон не был обязательным как потому, что мужчины рассматривались здесь представителями вообще всего своего семейства, так и потому, что сравнительная слабость и некоторые особенности телесной жизни женщин мешали им исполнять предписание с должной аккуратностью. Но отсутствие прямого предписания не мешало, конечно, благочестивым женщинам, в случае возможности, добровольно сопутствовать мужчинам в их паломничестве к Дому Господню, как мы это и видим из дальнейших стихов главы.

1:4 Имеется в виду мирная жертва. Особенность ее состояла, между прочим, в том, что, по сожжении тука на жертвенник и отделении грудинки и плеча в пользу священников, все прочее возвращалось принесшему жертву и служило обыкновенно для священной трапезы около Скинии, в знак общения с Богом. Помимо семейства жертвоприносителя, в священной трапезе благочестивого израильтянина принимали участие и левиты, а также рабы и бедные (Лев 7:11-21,29-34; Втор 16:11).

1:5  Часть особую, т. е. выбранную с особенным вниманием и любовью.

Хотя Господь заключил чрево ее. Рассуждая по поводу означенных слов, блаж. Феодорит замечает: «Сие научает читателей не на брак полагать надежду, но Творца призывать на помощь. Ибо как земледельцу принадлежит ввергнуть семена в землю, а Богу — привести посеянное в совершенство, так и браку предоставлено общение, помочь же естеству и образовать живое существо есть Божие дело» (Толк. на 1 Цар, вопр. 3).

1:11 Имеется в виду обет назорейства. См. прим. к 6-й гл. кн. Чис. Исходя из того предположения, что Елкана принадлежал к колену Левия (1 Пар 6:27-28,33-34), говорят, что Самуил, как левит, и так должен был служить Господу при Скинии. Конечно, как левит, Самуил должен был бы служить Господу при скинии, но не всю жизнь, а лишь в возрасте от 25 или 30 лет до 50 (Чис 4:3,30; 8:24), и притом без обязательства несения тех аскетических подвигов, какие связаны с обетом назорейства.

1:20 Слово «Самуил» с еврейского означает «Испрошенный от Бога».

1:21 От принесения десятин в пользу священников не освобождались и левиты (Чис 18:26; Неем 10:38).

1:23  Только да утвердит, т. е. сделает твердым, непреложным слово обещания, вышедшее из уст твоих.

1:25  И принес отец его жертву, какую в установленные дни приносим Господу — см. прим. к 3 ст. Выражение «в установленные дни», по сопоставлении его с выражением «в положенные дни», дает основание предполагать, что прибытие к скинии Елканы, Анны и Самуила совпало с одним из тех трех годичных праздников (Пасха, Пятидесятница, Кущей), когда Елкана и его семейство являлись к скинии и приносили там свои жертвы.

1:28 Последующие события показали, что пожизненное служение Самуила Господу не ограничилось исполнением несложных обязанностей при священнослуживших в скинии. Призванный Богом как пророк и судья еврейского народа, Самуил ревностно служил Господу в целом народе еврейском.

2:1  Возрадовалось сердце мое в Господе: при мысли о том, что сделал для меня Господь.

Вознесся рог мой в Боге моем, т. е. восстановлены и утверждены Богом мое женское достоинство, сила и значение. (Рог является здесь символом силы, могущества, самообороны.)

Широко разверзлись уста мои на врагов моих: я получила полную свободу для отражения злохулений моих врагов, укорявших меня моим бесплодием (1:5-6).

Я радуюсь о спасении Твоем, т. е. о спасении, явленном мне Тобою.

2:3 Обращение к людям, которые, по своей дерзости и неведению путей Божиих, упрекали Анну ее бесплодием.

2:4-9 Все и все в руках Божиих. Пути Его неисповедимы, могущество и разум Его бесконечны. Те, что казались нам снаружи крепкими, обеспеченными и славными, часто оказываются пред судом Всеведущего и Всесвятого (ст. 3) Господа нравственно слабыми, недостойными, как бы обреченными на погибель своим собственным ничтожеством. Люди же, казавшиеся нам наружно слабыми, недостойными милостей Божиих, часто оказываются превознесенными Им за свои внутренние достоинства.

2:10  Господь будет судить концы земли и даст крепость царю Своему, и вознесет рог (силу, крепость) помазанника Своего. В ближайшем смысле здесь имеется в виду возлюбленный и прославленный Богом царь евреев Давид, а также его сын и преемник — могущественный и славный Соломон (1 Цар 7; 1 Пар 17). В более отдаленном, пророчественно-мессианском, смысле — Божественный Потомок Давида по плоти — Господь наш Иисус Христос, Своим учением и жизнью принесший на землю «суд (греховному) Миру сему» (Ин 12:31) и имеющий прийти вторично на землю — для Страшного суда и праведного воздаяния грешникам и праведникам (Мф 12:36; 13:41,49; 16:27; 19:28; 24:31; 25:32 ... Лк 17:22 ... Ин 5:22,25,54; 12:48; Деян 17:31; 2 Петр 3:7; 3:10; Иуд 1:14,15; Рим 2:5,6; 2 Кор 1:14; 5:10; 1 Кор 1:8; 4:5; 2 Фес 2:2 и мн. др.).

Хвалебно-пророчественная песнь матери Самуиловой Анны легла в основу третьего ирмоса церковных канонов.

2:12  Не знали Господа, т. е. не хотели признавать Его заповедей и повелений.

2:13-16 Имеются в виду мирные жертвы. См. прим. к 1:4.

2:18 Ефодом называлась одна из одежд ветхозаветного первосвященника, сотканная из разноцветной пряжи и золота (Исх 28). Льняной ефод Самуила не был, конечно, первосвященническим ефодом, так как он не имел на него никакого права. Скорее всего это была безрукавная полотняная верхняя одежда, напоминавшая своим покроем первосвященнический ефод и потому получившая наименование последнего. Она надевалась лицами, посвятившими себя служению Богу (ср. 1 Цар 22:18), или по особому случаю религиозной важности (2 Цар 6:14). Нечто вроде тех белых полотняных стихарей, которые употребляются прислужниками при католическом богослужении.

2:25 Грехи, совершенные главным образом против людей, могут быть покрыты милосердием Божиим, так как не свидетельствуют еще о состоянии безнадежного ожесточения человека против воли Божией и допускают возможность для него нравственного совершенствования. Грехи же, обнаруживающие в человеке состояние безнадежного ожесточения против воли Божией, требуют сурового возмездия, поучительного и для других (ср. Мф 12:31).

Ибо — в смысле посему. Решил — в смысле попустил. Предать их смерти: см. 4:10-11.

2:27  Человек Божий — некто из провозвестников воли Божией (ср. 9:6), имя которого осталось для нас неизвестным.

Дому отца твоего — т. е. колену Левия, избранному Богом из числа всех других колен Израиля для особого служения Ему при скинии (см. ст. 28).

В Египте, в доме (т. е. царстве) фараона.

2:29 О хлебных приношениях в Скинию см. прим. к Лев 2.

Утучняя себя начатками всех приношений народа Моего. По закону Моисея (Исх 23:19; Лев 19:23-24; 23:10-14,16-17; Чис 18:12 и др. места), евреи обязаны были доставлять к скинии первые плоды своей жатвы, винограда, елея, первый испеченный хлеб из новой пшеницы, часть от шерсти овец и т. п., — для содержания членов колена Левия.

2:31  Не будет старца в доме твоем, т. е. потомки Илия будут умирать, не достигнув староста (ср. ст. 33).

2:32-34 См. 3:11-20; 4 гл.

2:35-36 В ближайшем смысле имеется в виду переход первосвященства из дома Илия (род Ифамара) в дом Садока (род Елеазара), см. 3 Цар 2:27. В более же отдаленном и полном смысле сказанное в отмеченных стихах относится, по замечанию блаж. Феодорита, «не к кому-либо из людей, а к единому только Господу нашему Иисусу Христу, который по человечеству наименован нашим архиереем (Евр 4:14-15). Выражение по вся дни неприлично людям смертным, живущим малое время. Помазанными же назвал святых апостолов и преемственно приявших их учение» (Блаж. Феодорит. Толк. на 1 Цар, вопр. 7).

3:1  Слово Господне — через пророков, откровение воли Божией через видения были в те дни не часты.

3:2  На своем месте — около порога скинии.

3:3  Светильник Божий (находившийся в святилище) еще не погас: огонь в лампадах светильника зажигался священниками вечером и горел всю ночь до утра, а утром гасился (Исх 27:21. Ср. 30:7,8; Лев 24:2-4). Наблюдение за исправностью лампад светильника, особенно в ночное время, очевидно, возложено было священниками на отрока Самуила, что вынуждало его проводить это время в храме Господнем, где ковчег Божий, точнее — в первом (со входа) отделении этого храма, или скинии, т. е. в Святилище.

3:11  Зазвенит в обоих ушах — от ужаса (ср. 4 Цар 21:12; Иер 19:3).

3:12-14 См. 2:27-36.

3:20  От Дана — северного пункта Ханаана — до Вирсавии — его южного пункта. Выражение от Дана до Вирсавии на языке священных писателей тождественно выражению «вся земля израильтян», «весь Израиль», «весь Израиль и Иуда» (2 Цар 3:10; 6:19; 17:11; 24:2; 3 Цар 4:25; 1 Пар 21:2; 2 Пар 30:5).

3:21  Самуил есть пророк Господень — богоизбранный и боговдохновляемый провозвестник воли Господней.

4:7 Язычники думали, что у каждого народа есть свой собственный бог или даже несколько богов. Ковчег завета был принят филистимлянами за изображение, или видимое вместилище, предполагаемого национального еврейского божества — Иеговы, подобное тем изображениям, какие имелись у самих язычников.

4:10  И поражены были израильтяне: являясь исполнением грозного определения Правосудия Божия в отношении неблагочестивого дома первосвященника и судии евреев Илия (2:27-36), поражение было вместе с тем и осязательным наказанием народа за его легкомысленное и самовольное обращение со своей величайшей святыней — ковчегом завета Господня.

4:21  Ихавод — «бесславие».

5:1  Азот, Геф (ст. 8), Аскалон (ст. 10), Газа, Аккарон (6:17) — филистимские города, расположенные к западу от Иерусалима и Хеврона.

5:2  Дагон — языческое божество филистимлян, с головой и руками человека, туловищем рыбы. Для язычников Дагон был выразителем и покровителем плодородия. (Подробнее об этом можно прочитать в сочинении: М. Пальмов. Идолопоклонство у древних евреев. СПб., 1897, с. 285-292.)

5:6  И отяготила рука Господня над филистимлянами (ср. ст. 7,9,11): грозные знамения, сопровождавшие собой пребывание ковчега завета в земле филистимлян, должны были показать последним неуместность посвящения ковчега языческим идолам, величие и могущество Бога израилева и полное ничтожество их собственных божеств, бессильных помочь не только другим, но и себе (6:5-6).

И Господь поражал их (филистимлян) и наказал их мучительными наростами: «Семьдесят толковников, — замечает блаж. Феодорит, — перевели: «поражены были на седалищах»; Акила — «имели веред гангрены»; Иосиф Флавий показывает, что они страдали поносом. Никто да не признает эти указания за разногласие, ибо за поносом следовала болезнь седалищ — частое извержение воспалило (в славянском переводе сказано: «и воскипе им на седалищах») извергающие части; с течением же времени воспаление перешло в гангрену» (Толк. на 1 Цар, вопр. 10).

6:2-8 В древнем языческом мире существовал обычай умилостивлять то или иное божество принесением ему в жертву металлических изображений кары, постигшей человека или его достояние. Известно, напр., что афиняне приносили богу в жертву изображение тех членов человеческого тела, которые были поражаемы болезнью. Среди некоторых местностей (на севере Европейской России, в Индии и пр.) означенный обычай сохранился и по настоящее время.

Обычай принесения божеству металлических изображений (или вообще знаков) угнетавшей человека кары практиковался и в качестве благодарственной жертвы по случаю освобождения от этой кары. Узники, получившие свободу, вешали в храмах свои цепи; спасшиеся от кораблекрушения — металлическую дощечку с изображением тонущего корабля. Луций Коллодий, исцелившийся от глухоты, принес в жертву богине Минерве серебряные уши.

Как и вышеупомянутый, данный обычай не утратил своего значения среди некоторых языческих местностей и по настоящее время.

С появлением христианства обычай приносить Богу какое-либо вещественное знаменование постигшего или постигавшего человека горя не вполне вышел из употребления: христианская история свидетельствует, что он имел себе место и в христианстве, хотя уже существенно отличался от своего древнего первообраза в язычестве. От соприкосновения с христианством обычай внутренне очистился, сделавшись, вместо проявления языческого суеверия, обнаружением глубокой веры и сердечной преданности христианина Единому истинному, всемогущему и всеблагому, Богу. Из наиболее рельефных примеров существования трактуемого обычая в христианской древности можно указать на тот случай, когда исцеленный Божией Матерью св. Иоанн Дамаскин сделал из серебра изображение отрубленной было у него иконоборцами, а теперь чудесно вновь соединившейся с остальным телом руки, и приложил это изображение к той иконе Богоматери, пред которой молился, отчего эта икона и получила свое название «Троеручицы».

6:10  А телят их удержали дома: по естественному порядку вещей, первородящие коровы должны были бы идти не к Вефсамису, а домой, к своим телятам.

6:12  Вефсамис — город, расположенный на запад от Вифлеема.

6:17 См. прим. к 5:1. Поименованы пять филистимских городов не потому, что только эти города были поражены наказанием свыше, а потому, что поименованные пять городов были столицами пяти главнейших князей филистимских (ст. 4,16,18), группировавших около себя прочие города и местности Филистимской земли.

6:18  Открытыми сёлами названы селения без крепостной ограды.

До большого камня (вблизи Вефсамиса), на котором поставили ковчег Господу.

До сего дня — выражение, указывающее на время священного писателя, давшего завершительную редакцию 1-й и 2-й книгам Царств (см. предварительные сведения о книгах Царств).

6:19 Ковчег завета был святыней, неприкосновенной для лиц неосвященных (Чис 4), а тем более для праздного любопытства толпы.

6:20 Кто из грешных людей может устоять пред обличающей святыней Господней и мздовоздающим Правосудием десницы Его?

6:21  Кириафиарим — город, лежащий на северо-востоке от Вефсамиса и на северо-западе от Иерусалима, на пути в Силом, тогдашнему месту расположения скинии.

7:1 На основании 1 Пар 15:10-11 полагают, что Аминадав и его сын Елеазар принадлежали к колену Левия. В г. Кириафиарим ковчег завета находился до времен царя Давида, который перенес его в новоустроенную им иерусалимскую скинию (2 Цар 6). Что же касается самой скинии, находившейся в Силоме, то она была перенесена сначала в Номву (1 Цар 26:1), затем — в Гаваон (1 Пар 16:39; 21:29; 2 Пар 1:3) и, наконец, разобрана и сложена в одном из помещений Соломонова храма в Иерусалиме, совместно со скинией Давидовой.

7:2  И обратился весь дом Израилев к Господу: под внешним влиянием филистимского гнета (ст. 3) евреи раскаялись в своих увлечениях язычеством соседей и обратились сердцем к исполнению благого и совершенного закона Господня.

7:3  Ваал и Астарта — языческие божества, чествовавшиеся в Ханаане, Финикии, Месопотамии и других странах Передней Азии. Культ Ваала говорил преимущественно о грозном могуществе божества; культ Астарты — о его производительной силе. Последний сопровождался различного рода распутством, возведенным до степени священного служения богине. (Подробнее см. в соч.: М. Пальмов. Идолопоклонство у древних евреев. СПб., 1897, с. 217-246, 295-335.)

7:5  Массифа Самуилова — город на северо-западе от Иерусалима, на юг от Гаваона.

7:6 Черпание воды и поливание ею пред Господом служило символом глубокого сокрушения о грехах и вместе покаянной жертвы еврейского народа. В 19 ст. 2 гл. кн. «Плач Иеремии» встречается выражение: «Изливай как воду сердце твое пред лицом Господа!».

Судил — в смысле разбирал дела и тяжбы народа, наставляя его в истинном законе.

7:7 Филистимлянам представилось, что евреи сосредоточились в Массифе не иначе как с враждебной к ним целью.

7:9 В отношении особенностей религиозного и общественного быта евреев период Судей может быть рассматриваем как период патриархальной реакции в жизни народа. Закон о единстве богослужебного пункта и исключительности богослужебных лиц не был соблюдаем с большой строгостью даже лучшими из евреев того времени. Помимо скинии, жертвы Истинному Богу приносились и там, где то или другое лицо ощущало потребность в их принесении; и приносились нередко людьми, не имевшими священного сана. (Подробнее см. в соч.: И. Троицкий. Религиозное, общественное и государственное состояние евреев во время Судей. СПб., 1885.)

Ягненка от сосцов: жертвенный агнец должен быть по закону (Лев 22:27) не моложе семи дней.

7:11 По мнению епископа Гервея, между евреями и аморреями был заключен оборонительный союз, направленный главным образом против филистимлян (Английская комментированная Библия).

7:12  Авен-Езер — «камень помощи».

7:17 См. прим. к 9 ст.

8:1  Сыновей своих — обет назорейства (см. прим. к 1:11) не соединялся с обязательным безбрачием давшего этот обет.

8:3  Вирсавия — город вблизи южных границ Ханаана. Удаленность Вирсавии от главного местопребывания Самуила Рамы (см. прим. к 1:1) в значительной степени объясняет ту свободу поступков, которую позволяли себе сыновья Самуила.

8:5 Народ верил, что крепкая рука державного царя послужит достаточной гарантией против различного рода злоупотреблений со стороны второстепенных властей.

8:6  И не понравилось слово сие Самуилу. Установившаяся к этому времени форма еврейского народоправления носила характер теократии (т. е. богоправления) — в узком смысле этого слова. Будучи равно Богом и небесным царем всех вообще народов (теократия в широком смысле слова), Господь был в отношении своего избранного народа в то же время и Царем земным. От Него исходили законы, постановления, распоряжения не только чисто религиозного, но и семейного, общественного, государственного характера. Как Царь, Он был в то же время и Главным Вождем военных сил своего народа. Скиния, будучи местом особого присутствия Господа Бога, была вместе с тем и резиденцией Государя еврейского народа: здесь открывалась народу воля его небесного и земного Царя во всех важнейших случаях его религиозной, семейной, общественной и государственной жизни. Пророки, первосвященники, вожди, судьи были лишь послушными исполнителями и проводниками воли Небесного Владыки народа. Отсюда становится понятным, почему ревностному стражу Иеговы Самуилу не понравилось желание народа: в этом желании он усмотрел измену евреев своему исконному Царю (ст. 7-8). К тому же, прося себе царя, евреи выразились: «как у прочих (т. е. языческих) народов» (ст. 5). Из дальнейшего, однако, мы видим, что Господь позволил Самуилу удовлетворить народное желание, находя, что исполнение этого желания может и не противоречить установившейся среди евреев форме богоправления, так как земной царь теократического государства евреев есть и должен быть не более как только ревностным исполнителем и проводником во вверенном ему народе законов Царя Небесного (Втор 17:14-20).

8:9-18 Самуил начертал не статут власти еврейского царя, а картину обычного на Востоке того времени поведения царя. Жесткие тоны этой картины должны были внушать евреям большую осторожность в задуманном ими предприятии.

8:20 Наряду с прочими соображениями в высказанном желании народа имело себе место и побуждение, так сказать, национального самолюбия: и мы будем как прочие народы.

8:22 Первые два царя — Саул и Давид — были наглядным и осязательным для народа изображением того, каким не должен быть царь евреев (Саул), а каким должен быть царь евреев (Давид).

9:1  Из сынов Вениамина, т. е. из колена Вениаминова.

9:2  От плеч своих был выше всего народа, т. е. головою выше других.

9:4-5 Ведя свое начало от равнины Ездрилонской, горы Ефремовы простираются по южной границе удела Ефремова до Иерусалима и здесь соединяются с горами Иудиными.

Шалиша, Шаалим, Цуф — местности вблизи г. Рамы Самуиловой (см. прим. к 1:1).

9:6  В этом городе, т. е. Раме Самуиловой.

Человек Божий — пророк Самуил.

Может быть, он укажет нам путь наш, по которому нам идти, чтобы найти потерянное (ст. 3).

9:7-8 Иные говорят (замечает блаж. Феодорит), что Самуил пророчествовал за деньги, заключая сие из сказанного Саулом: «Вот мы пойдем, и чтт принесем тому человеку?» — Но это только указание на Саулово предположение, а не на мздоимство пророка. Саул думал, что надобно принести что-либо Самуилу, как начальнику и пророку, однако же ничего не принес; между тем принят им был с великой благосклонностью. Немздоимство пророка показывают и слова его, сказанные (впоследствии) всему народу: «Вот я. Свидетельствуйте на меня пред Господом и пред помазанником Его, — у кого взял я вола, у кого взял осла, кого обидел и кого притеснил, у кого взял дар и закрыл в деле его глаза мои, — и я возвращу вам. И отвечал народ: ты не обижал нас и не притеснял нас, и ничего ни у кого не взял» (12:3-4). (Толк. на 1 Цар, вопр. 16).

Четверть сикля серебра — немногим более 20 копеек.

9:12  Сегодня у нас жертвоприношение на высоте — см. прим. к 7:9.

9:13 Имеется в виду мирная жертва. См. прим. к 1:4.

9:16  Ибо я призрел на народ Мой, так как вопль его достиг до Меня. Положение евреев около времени избрания ими царя было далеко не блестяще. С запада их неотразимо теснили филистимляне. Они успели захватить в свои руки некоторые укрепленные места (холмы) евреев, снабдив их собственными охранными отрядами (10:5). Чтобы лишить евреев возможности выделывать оружие, филистимляне уничтожили в их земле всех кузнецов; так что даже для починки земледельческих орудий евреи должны были ходить к своим врагам, филистимлянам (13:19-22). С востока угрожали аммонитяне.

9:18  В воротах города.

9:20  А об ослицах не заботься. Да и может ли заботиться исключительно о них тот, кому, по определению Божию, уже принадлежит все вожделенное во Израиле?

9:21 После междоусобной распри (Суд 19-21) Вениаминово колено значительно сократилось в своем населении.

10:1 Доселе в Ветхом Завете упоминалось о помазании святым елеем (для сообщения духовных даров Божиих) только первосвященника (Исх 30:23). Но если для успешного прохождения своего служения требует особой божественной помощи пастырь душ человеческих, то не меньшей помощи требует и устроитель земного благополучия людей — царь, который в теократическом государстве (см. прим. к 8:6) есть вместе с тем и помощник первосвященника в деле упасения душ вверенного им народа (Втор 17:14-20).

И вот тебе знамение того, что помазал тебя Господь: душевное состояние Саула требовало какого-либо осязательного подтверждения его богоизбранничества в цари над Израилем (9:20-21).

10:2  Близ гроба Рахили. Согласно Быт 35:19, гроб Рахили находится близ г. Вифлеема, к югу от Иерусалима, в пределах Иудина колена. Полагают, что в пределах Вениаминовых, в Целцахе, была местность, также носившая название Гроба Рахили, — из уважения к памяти родоначальницы вениамитян.

10:3  Дубрава Фаворская не может быть дубравой известной горы Фавор, так как последняя (т. е. гора Фавор) расположена значительно севернее колена Вениаминова, совершенно не по пути Саула в его родной город — Гиву Вениаминову (10:26). Упоминаемая здесь «дубрава Фаворская» (как и «гроб Рахили»), по всей вероятности, название какой-нибудь, неизвестной в настоящее время, местности Вениаминова колена.

Идущих к Богу в Вефиль, т. е. идущих в Вефиль для совершения жертвы Господу Богу. См. прим. к 7:9.

10:5  Холм Божий, т. е. одна из известных тогда в народе жертвенных высот (см. прим. к 7:9).

Помимо отмеченного, холм имел и иное — военное назначение, служа для филистимлян опорным пунктом их власти в Ханаане (см. прим. к 9:16).

Встретишь сонм пророков, сходящих с высоты. «Сонмы» пророков — это религиозно-воспитательные и образовательные пророческие общества, впоследствии носившие названия пророческих училищ, первоначальное основание и устройство которых было сделано пророком Самуилом. Изучение слова Божия, упражнение в молитве, пение (под аккомпанементы музыки) священных гимнов были главными предметами занятий в этих обществах. Члены последних назывались «пророками» за свое восторженно-одушевленное прославление имени Божия, а также «сынами» или «учениками пророческими» (3 Цар 20:35; 4 Цар 2:3,5,15), потому что воспитывались под руководством боговдохновенных пророков, называвшихся их «отцами» (4 Цар 2:12). При Самуиле члены пророческой общины имели свое пребывание в Раме Самуиловой (1 Цар 19:18-24); в позднейшее время, при Илии и Елисее, мы видим пророческих учеников в разных городах южного Ханаана: в Галгале (4 Цар 2:1), в Вефиле (4 Цар 2:3), в Иерихоне (4 Цар 2:5,15).

«Сонмы» неподкупных стражей закона Иеговы, восторженных глашатаев Его святой, совершенной и благой воли должны были стать, — и были на самом деле в течение всей ветхозаветной истории, — сильным противовесом народного увлечения в мрачные и гибельные дебри языческого беззакония. Глубокая убежденность истинного ведения, священный огонь религиозного воодушевления, полная правдивость и нелицеприятие обличительных речей учеников пророческих школ оказывали на народ сильное впечатление и немало содействовали богопризванным пророкам в их великой и трудной миссии религиозного уврачевания народа.

Псалтирь, тимпан, свирель, гусли — музыкальные инструменты евреев того времени: псалтирь и гусли — струнные; свирель — духовой; тимпан — вроде нашего тамбурина или бубна.

И они пророчествуют. «Пророчествовать» на библейском языке не всегда означает «предсказывать». В данном случае, как и нередко в Библии (напр., Чис 11:25; 1 Цар 10:6,10,13; 19:20 и др.), выражение «пророчествовать» можно понимать в смысле — прославлять Бога и Его чудные дела в восторженных хвалебных гимнах, что предполагает, разумеется, особый подъем духовных сил человека. С временным прекращением этого подъема прекращается и «пророчествование» (Чис 11:25; 1 Цар 10:13 и др.).

10:6  И ты будешь пророчествовать. См. прим. к концу 5 ст.

10:7-8 Наставление и вместе испытание для Саула: получая известную свободу действий (ст. 7), нареченный царь евреев отнюдь не должен был забывать того обстоятельства, что в вопросах высшего порядка он лишь исполнитель воли Небесного Царя народа; посредник между Богом и народом, истолкователь и провозвестник божественной воли — пророк — есть и будет в отношении царя тем же самым, что и в отношении каждого из народа. См. прим. к 8:6.

10:8  Галгал — город священных воспоминаний (Нав 4:4; 5:5); расположен на восток от Иерихона, вблизи р. Иордан.

10:9  Бог дал ему иное сердце — под воздействием божественного помазания Саул внутренне как бы переродился, получил возможность быть тем, чем должен стать в своем новом звании (см. прим. к 8:6).

И сбылись все те знамения: см. 1-7 ст.

10:10  И он пророчествовал среди них — см. прим. к концу 5 ст., а также к 9 ст.

10:12  А у тех кто отец? Указывая на сынов пророческих, спрашивающий дает понять, что нравы и положение родителей в данном случае ни при чем, так как дар пророческий не наследственен. Тем не менее, недоумение при виде «пророчествовавшего Саула» было так велико, что увековечилось в пословице. Когда впоследствии желали выразить изумление по поводу какой-нибудь неожиданной перемены, то говорили: «Неужели и Саул во пророках!»

10:13 См. прим. к концу 5 ст.

10:17 Город Массифа (к западу от Гивы Вениаминовой, к северо-западу от Иерусалима) и прежде бывал местом религиозно-общественных собраний народа (Суд 20:1; 21:1; 1 Цар 7:5).

10:18-19  А вы отвергли Бога (ср. 8:7-8). См. прим. к 8:6.

Итак, предстаньте теперь пред Господом, чтобы узнать, кого Господь избирает вам в цари.

10:20  И указано — через жребий. «Жившие порочно, — замечает блаж. Феодорит, — не всегда верили Божиим пророкам. Посему, чтобы не думали, будто приговор сделан по человеческой милости, Самуил приказал бросить жребий» (Толк. на 1 Цар, вопр. 22).

10:22  И вопросили еще Господа — чрез какое-либо знамение. Если же выражение 17 стиха «к Господу в Массифу» понимать в том смысле, что к этому времени в Массифу была перенесена скиния, то вопросить Господа евреи могли и иным путем, — через посредство первосвященника и вверенного ему таинственного наперсника.

10:23  От плеч своих выше всего народа, т. е. выше всех головой.

10:24 Физические достоинства человека в древности ставились очень высоко; по ним нередко измерялись и его внутренне достоинства (16:7). Там, где главное назначение того или иного человека усматривалось в обязанности защищать вверенные ему интересы путем применения физической силы, вышеотмеченные достоинства человека имели, конечно, решающее значение. По свидетельству Геродота (III, 20; VII, 187), ефиопляне избирали своим царем того, кто был выше других ростом. Того же физического соответствия своему предполагаемому назначению хотели видеть в своем царе и евреи (VIII, 20). Увидев рослую, могучую фигуру Саула, народ с восторгом закричал: Да живет царь!

Господь попустил совершиться избранию Саула, дабы евреи осязательно убедились в том, что для теократического государя (см. прим. к 8:6) грубая физическая сила не составляет главного требуемого качества (16:1,7); дабы опытно осведомившись о том, каким не может быть их царь, сознательнее отнеслись к божественному указанию в лице преемника Саула (16:1,7) о том, каким он должен быть.

10:25  Права царства, записанные Самуилом и положенные пред ковчегом Господним, нужно отличать от изображенной им пред народом картины обычного в то время на Востоке поведения царя (8:11-18). В противоположность означенной картине и в соответствии с Втор 17:14-20 Самуил, по всей вероятности, изобразил в «Правах царя» тот желательный, с теократической точки зрения (см. прим. к 8:6), идеал царя, которому должен следовать царь евреев.

Впрочем, действительное содержание этого важного документа не дошло до нас.

10:26 Город Гива Вениаминова расположен к югу от Рамы Самуиловой и к северу от Иерусалима.

Которых сердца коснулся Бог, т. е. сердце которых радостно отозвалось на избрание царем богатыря Саула.

10:27  И не поднесли ему даров, по случаю избрания в цари. Предполагается, что другие сделали эти дары и тем выразили свое почтительное приветствие новоизбранному.

Но он как бы не замечал этого: простое благоразумие требовало отнестись спокойно к частичной вспышке неудовольствия, иначе она могла перейти в пожар междоусобия.

11:1  Спустя около месяца — после избрания Саула на царство.

Наас аммонитянин — царь аммонитян. Аммонитяне жили в южных пределах восточного Заиорданья.

Иавис Галаадский — город, находившийся в средней части восточного Заиорданья, Галааде.

11:2 Кроме наносимого бесчестия Израилю, лишение покоренных правого глаза могло иметь и иную цель. Лишая жителей Иависа именно правого глаза, Наас «хотел сделать их неспособными к войне, потому что держащий в левой руке щит закрывает им левый глаз, правый же смотрит на врагов». Поэтому лишение правого глаза легко может повести к поражению тех, кто лишены его (блаж. Феодорит. Толк. на 1 Цар, вопр. 23; ср. Иосиф Флавий. Иуд. древн. VI, 5, §1).

11:3  Выйдем к тебе, чтобы исполнить твое требование.

11:5  И вот пришел Саул позади волов с поля. Очевидно, он продолжал еще вести ту трудовую земледельческую жизнь, которую вел до своего избрания в цари. Царский быт и царская обстановка явились позднее.

11:6  И сошел на Саула Дух Божий — дух благородной решимости идти и освободить невинно угнетаемых, в полной уверенности, что Господь не оставит его своей помощью.

11:7 «Для уразумения какой-нибудь мысли, для ее полного усвоения, древнему человеку необходим был более или менее яркий образ. Еврей, еще не испытавший, что такое царская власть, тогда только мог вполне постигнуть ее силу, когда ему сказали, что за неповиновение царю он лишится вола, самого дорогого предмета в земледельческом хозяйстве, и при этом показали, для наглядности, кусок разрубленного вола» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. Казань, 1884, с. 34-35).

11:8  Везек — город в средней части западного Заиорданья, против Иависа Галаадского.

Мужи Иудины — воины из колен Иуды и Симеона; сыны Израилевы — воины из остальных колен, кроме колена Левия, освобожденного от исполнения воинских обязанностей в силу своего постоянного служения при скинии Господней.

Распадение еврейского народа на Иуду и Израиль чувствуется еще задолго до окончательного разделения еврейской монархии на царства Иудейское и Израильское. (Подробнее об этом см. в соч. Покровского «Разделение Еврейского царства на Иудейское и Израильское».)

11:11  В средину стана неприятелей.

Во время утренней стражи, т. е. во время от 2 до 6 часов утра. В древние времена ночь у евреев разделялась на три стражи, по четыре часа каждая. Первая продолжалась от 6 до 10 часов вечера, вторая — от 10 часов вечера до 2 часов утра, и третья, называвшаяся утренней стражей, от 2 до 6 часов утра. Со времени подчинения евреев римскому господству евреи усвоили деление вышеозначенных часов ночи на четыре стражи, по три часа в каждой, подобно тому, как это было принято у римлян (Мф 14:25; Мк 13:35).

11:12 Ср. 10:27. Очевидно, военный подвиг Саула сломил последнее сомнение народа в том, что он может быть желанным (8:20) царем Израиля.

11:13 Ср. гл. 10, конец 27 ст.

11:14-15 Единодушное признание Галгальским всенародным собранием Саула царем над Израилем загладило собой ту опасную раздвоенность общественного мнения, которая обнаружилась в отношении Саула при его первом избрании в Массифе (10:27). Когда власть царя была признана всем народом, пророк Самуил получал возможность беспрепятственно сложить с себя звание судии евреев.

11:15  15. И принесли там мирные жертвы: см. прим. к 7:9. Но можно допустить, что выражение «пред Господом» указывает на временное присутствие в Галгале скинии Господней (ср. 10:17,19,22).

12:1-5 Смысл речи таков: «Желание ваше исполнено, вы имеете царя, такого, какого хотели. Моя деятельность судии среди вас закончена. Не знаю, каков будет для вас царь; что же касается меня, то я не могу упрекнуть себя в какой-либо несправедливости в отношении вас». Народ засвидетельствовал правду слов Самуила, после чего пророк обратился к народу со словом назидания, вполне уверенный в том, что народ увидит в этом назидании одно лишь желание блага этому народу (6-25 ст.)

12:6-25 Смысл увещания пророка таков: «До сих пор у вас не было царя, однако Господь Бог всегда спасал вас от врагов ваших, как только вы обращались к Нему. А потом вдруг потребовали себе для защиты от врагов земного царя! Как будто Господь уже не может больше спасать вас и как будто земной царь сам по себе может доставить вам это спасение! Вы обнаружили постыдное маловерие к помощи Божией и излишнее упование на силу собственного копья и меча. Знайте же, что как без царя вы спасались от врагов только тогда, когда не уклонялись от Господа и служили Ему от всего сердца вашего, так точно будет и при царе. Царская власть будет бессильна спасти вас, как скоро в вас самих не будет внутренней нравственной силы. Если вы и царь ваш будете ходить вслед Господа-Бога вашего, то вас не постигнет зло; если же станете противиться повелениям Господа, то ведайте: погибнете вы и царь ваш. А что все, сказанное мною, справедливо, Господь подтвердит сейчас знамением» (ст. 16-18).

12:17  Не жатва ли пшеницы ныне? Но я воззову к Господу, и пошлет Он гром и дождь. В Палестине бывает в году два периода дождей — ранний и поздний (Втор 11:14): ранний (применительно к началу гражданского года евреев с сентября месяца) — это осенний период дождей, падающий на октябрь и ноябрь месяцы; поздний — весенний, падающий на конец февраля, март и начало апреля. В мае же и начале июня, когда совершается уборка пшеницы, дождя совсем не бывает: ханаанский дождь в это время был бы так же странен, как, по выражению Премудрого, свет летом (Притч 26:1).

1:1 Или: в Раматаиме один человек из рода цуфитов… ефремлянин.

1:4 Или: наделял долями (жертвенного мяса).

1:5 Букв.: затворил ее чрево; то же в ст. 6.

1:6 Или: раздражала, чтобы обидеть; то же в ст. 7.

1:13 Букв.: в сердце своем.

1:15 Букв.: я.

1:20 Имя Самуил (евр. Шемуэль) созвучно выражению «испросила у Бога», но может означать: «услышал Бог» или «имя Божье».

1:23 В некоторых рукописях: слово, вышедшее из уст твоих; или: слово твое.

1:24 а) Так в некот. рукописях и переводах, в других: трех тельцов; или: трехлетнего тельца и хлебы.

1:24 б) Букв.: дом.

1:28 Так в LXX и некот. рукописях; масоретский текст: и поклонились они там Господу.

2:1 Рог - символ могущества и силы; ср. ст. 10.

2:5 Так по друг. чтению, букв.: перестают (работать).

2:8 Букв.: столбы.

2:9 Или: нечестивые.

2:10 Здесь, как и в ст. 36, речь идет о будущей монархии и царе как помазаннике Божьем.

2:13 Друг. возм. пер.: по обыкновению священники так обходились с народом.

2:20 Или: выпросили у Господа.

2:21 Букв.: с Господом, ср. Исх 34:28, Втор 18:13.

2:27 а) Букв.: дому отца твоего.

2:27 б) Букв.: в доме, в знач. под властью.

2:28 Или: все сжигаемые огнем жертвоприношения.

2:29 Или: так жадно смотрите на…

2:32 Так по друг. чтению. Масоретский текст: ты увидишь бедствие Святилища Моего, и пусть будет благо Израилю.

2:33 Букв.: мужами. Друг. возм. пер.: но всех, кто родятся в твоем роду, поразит меч.

3:3 Или: Храме, т.е. в Скинии, Шатре Откровения.

3:13 LXX: богохульствуют.

4:3 Или: Он, т.е. Господь.

4:21 Имя Ихавод созвучно выражению «нет славы».

5:2 Букв.: дом; то же ниже.

5:6 Букв.: рука Господня; то же в ст. 7, 9 и 11.

5:10 Букв.: мне; то же в ст. 11.

5:11 Или: Он, т.е. Бог.

6:3 а) Букв.: Ему.

6:3 б) Или: жертву признания вины; то же в ст. 4, 8 и 17. См. Лев 5:15,16; 7:1-10.

6:4 а) Букв.: правителей.

6:4 б) Или: мышей.

6:5 Или: отведет от вас Свою (карающую) руку.

6:6 Букв.: Он.

6:18 Или: от укрепленного города до неогороженного поселка.

6:19 Букв.: семьдесят человек (и) пятьдесят тысяч; в некот. рукописях: пятьдесят человек.

6:20 Или: к кому (должен) перейти (ковчег) от нас?

7:2 а) Букв.: дом Израилев; то же в ст. 3.

7:2 б) Или: и стал весь народ израильский с плачем обращаться к Господу. Точный смысл масоретского текста здесь не ясен.

7:12 Букв.: камень помощи.

8:1 Или: правителями.

8:6 Букв.: были злом в глазах Самуила.

8:15 Или: евнухам.

9:1 Или: состоятельный.

9:6 Букв.: куда мы держали путь.

9:8 Т.е. около 3 г.

9:13 Букв.: благословить жертву.

9:20 Или: (принадлежат) все сокровища.

9:25 Так в масоретском тексте, LXX: и Саулу постелили постель на крыше.

10:5 Или: Божьему холму.

10:12 Букв.: отец.

10:22 а) Или: придет ли.

10:22 б) Букв.: вещей.

11:11 Букв.: На следующий день.

11:14 Букв.: обновим, т.е. царствование Саула получает официальное признание.

12:1 Или: все о чем вы меня просили.

12:2 Букв.: ходил / управлял у вас на виду.

12:11 В некот. древн. переводах: Варака.

12:15 В некот. древн. переводах: и над вашим царем.

12:17 Букв.: жатва пшеницы, т.е. июнь-июль, когда дождя не бывает.

12:21 Или: не отклоняйтесь (от прямого пути) следуя за ничтожными (божествами).

12:23 Букв.: разве смогу я согрешить против Господа?